Deck 4: Normal and Exceptional Development

Question 1

Children with differences that alter their development are often referred to as exceptional or atypical.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Normal development implies a process of predictable growth and development.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A child who does not reach a certain developmental milestone is developmentally delayed.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Developmental progress is rarely smooth and flowing, but it is predictable and sequential.

Question 5

In the first days, or even hours, after birth, experience does not influence development.

Question 6

An infant's cognitive development has little to do with other areas of development.

Question 7

Even in infants, all areas of development are interwoven.

Question 8

During the preschool years, the child is beginning to understand that they are a separate identity from others.

Question 9

Language development slows during the preschool years since children at this age are not developing much vocabulary.

Question 10

Learning to read is a major developmental task that requires one-on-one instruction for children.

Question 11

According to developmental pathologists, which of the following is true about child development?

A) Both typical and atypical development emerge from the same basic process.
B) All children develop in the same way.
C) Disease is common in children developing atypically.
D) Atypical children will appear typical, but they are not.

Question 12

What is an example of a developmental milestone for a toddler?

A) Rolling over
B) Sitting with support
C) Sharing with ease
D) Unwillingness to accept limits

Question 13

Prior to a child learning to read, what must they be able to do?

A) Learn to sit still
B) Recite the alphabet
C) Recognize shapes
D) Complete simple math problems

Question 14

Developmental risk is almost certain in which of the following cases?

A) Certain cultural experiences
B) Race and socioeconomic background
C) Malnutrition and poor health care
D) Parents who smoke nicotine

Question 15

What is the outcome of vulnerable children in a facilitative environment?

A) They may not be able to learn appropriately.
B) They will always be successful.
C) They can be misdiagnosed as having a disability.
D) They may often have a good developmental outcome.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a gifted child?

A) Large vocabulary and perseverative thoughts
B) Short of stature but highly articulate
C) Ability to understand abstract concepts and complex classifications
D) Feelings of superiority yet empathy

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding infants and toddlers who are raised in poverty?

A) They are rarely successful later in life.
B) They have no potential for giftedness due to socioeconomic levels.
C) They can easily adapt to changes.
D) They may need support services, including food and medicine.

Question 18

Why are gifted and talented children from cultural minorities and low-income families not often identified?

A) Laws preventing their identification
B) Restricted learning opportunities
C) Socially biased identification procedures
D) Lower prevalence

Question 19

If a child doesn't begin to walk at thirteen months, what does this indicate?

A) It is a medical emergency.
B) It is of mild concern and should be monitored by a specialist.
C) It is typical development.
D) It is an indicator of a disability.

Question 20

Why are developmental milestones important to observe?

A) They can be clues to early intervention and prevention strategies.
B) Comparisons of children help to understand personalities.
C) They indicate future success or failure.
D) Children should not be allowed to pass from one grade to the next without meeting the criteria.

Question 21

A child acquiring specific skills in a fairly predictable order is a description of what?

A) Atypical development
B) A developmental continuum
C) Developmental milestones
D) Developmental sequences

Question 22

Piaget's term for the first major stage of cognitive development is sensorimotor. It refers to the children of what age?

A) Birth to two
B) Birth to three
C) Three to four
D) Two to four

Question 23

Which of the following are essential to the attachment process?

A) Tantrums
B) Reciprocity
C) Autonomy
D) Cooperation

Question 24

Autonomy refers to a preschooler's understanding of which of the following?

A) It is important to share and take turns.
B) They are a separate person.
C) The notion of "best friends"
D) Vocabulary and concept development

Question 25

During the primary years, the reversal of letter shapes and sounds is a common irregularity.

Question 26

People-first terminology emphasizes which of the following over limitations?

A) Delays
B) Differences
C) Abilities
D) Development

Question 27

Many infants and young children who start out with serious disabilities never overcome them or improve, even if they receive appropriate early intervention services.

Question 28

In order to promote the concept that young children with atypical characteristics resemble other children more than they differ from them, early childhood educators no longer use which term?

A) Developmental delay
B) Exceptional
C) Handicapped
D) Developmental disability

Question 29

Poverty and neglect are examples of which of the following?

A) Character-building
B) Biological risk factors
C) Environmental risk factors
D) Vulnerability

Question 30

A lack of ability to recover from a damaging or traumatic experience is called what?

A) Being at risk
B) Resilience
C) Being developmentally delayed
D) Vulnerability

Question 31

Fragile X is an example of which of the following?

A) An environmental risk factor
B) Respiratory Distress Syndrome
C) Chromosomal disorder
D) An environmental and biological risk factor

Question 32

Many children with developmental disabilities are also gifted. Their potential may go unidentified because of which of the following?

A) Educational biases
B) Environmental risk factors
C) Socially biased identification procedures
D) Restricted learning opportunities

Question 33

Neuroscientists report that stimulation from even the earliest experiences dramatically increases which of the following?

A) The synapses that develop in the brain
B) The numbers of words in a child's vocabulary by age six
C) The ability to self-regulate
D) A child's autonomy

Question 34

The process of growing, changing, and acquiring a range of skills at approximately the same age and in the same sequence as the majority of children of a similar age is known as:

A) a developmental continuum.
B) developmental sequences.
C) typical development.
D) developmental milestones.

Question 35

The "give and take" interactions between a child and others are referred to as:

A) autonomy.
B) the attachment process.
C) reciprocity.
D) turn-taking.

Question 36

As a toddler develops functional language and basic reasoning skills, there is typically an increase in which of the following?

A) Tantrums
B) Independent play
C) Toilet training
D) Cooperation

Question 37

A five-year-old child who performs at the level of a typically developing three-year-old is an example of what?

A) A typically developing child
B) An at-risk child
C) A savant
D) A child with a developmental disability

Question 38

Ryan, a four-year-old diagnosed with autism, is able to recite the score and individual plays of any baseball game he has ever watched. He has difficulty having a conversation on any other topic and often plays by himself at preschool. Which of the following terms could be used to describe Ryan?

A) Exceptional
B) At-risk
C) Developing typically
D) Resilient

Question 39

According to Horowitz (1990), vulnerable children who are given a facilitative environment often have which of the following?

A) Resilience
B) Delayed speech
C) Ongoing delays and challenges
D) Good developmental outcomes

Question 40

Resilient children in a poor environment may do quite well because they learn to use the resources available to them.

Question 41

Most of the clues about a child's giftedness are related to what?

A) Age
B) Language
C) Motor skills
D) Temperament

Question 42

What helps early childhood educators and experienced parents determine if a child is developing typically?

A) Individual differences between children
B) Great variation exists
C) Guidelines drawn from predictions based on detailed observations of hundreds of children of various ages
D) Instinct

Question 43

What is the current preferred method of referring to an individual in terms of classification?

A) Exceptional or developing atypically
B) Behavior disordered or learning disabled
C) They are a learning-disabled child
D) The child has a learning disability

Question 44

What is Horowitz's (1990) view of resilience or vulnerability?

A) Biology and environment may not interact in the same way for every child.
B) Vulnerable children often have good developmental outcomes when given a facilitative environment.
C) Children living in remote mountain or rural areas are vulnerable.
D) There are different degrees of resilience.

Question 45

What is a biological risk factor for Down syndrome?

A) History of head trauma
B) Chromosomal disorders
C) Contagions
D) Substance abuse

Question 46

The predictable order of growth patterns is referred to as:

A) a developmental sequence.
B) a developmental delay.
C) genetic inheritance.
D) exceptional development.

Question 47

Current research supports the concept that that early stimulation of the brain increases the number of synapses within the brain.

Question 48

When do most infants show trunk control?

A) One and two months
B) Three and four months
C) Five and six months
D) Seven and eight months

Question 49

When would a toddler be considered developmentally delayed?

A) When they are unable to make friends
B) When they are unable to count
C) When they are unable to play pretend
D) When they are unable to talk or walk

Question 50

What refers to things in the child's everyday world that may have a negative effect on their development?

A) Environmental risk
B) Biological risk
C) Chemical risk
D) Behavioral risk

Question 51

List three reasons that children may be at risk developmentally, and explain how these reasons cause children to be at risk.

Question 52

Explain the attachment process.

Question 53

Explain atypical development.

Question 54

According to Gardner, what are the eight types of intelligence?

Question 55

Summarize five characteristics of young, gifted children.

Question 56

Rewrite the following using people-first language.
a. They're autistic
b. Handicapped parking
c. Birth defect
d. They're mentally ill
e. Normal kids

Question 57

According to the text, what are three factors that have led to an under-identification of gifted children from culturally/linguistically diverse and/or economically disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as children who are gifted and also have disabilities?

Question 58

Distinguish between developmental sequences and developmental milestones and provide an example of each.

Question 59

What stage of development is it when infants learn by poking, patting, touching, banging, and tasting whatever comes within reach?