Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

Lisa wanted to start Christopher in another type of supervised child care because she thought he would benefit by having

A) time away from his parents.
B) a structured learning environment.
C) different toys.
D) someone who would not spoil him.

Answer 1

a structured learning environment.

Question 2

Most of us call the emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregivers

A) security.
B) trust.
C) love.
D) manipulation.

Answer 2

love.

Question 3

An emotional tie to a specific person that continues across time and space is called

A) sensitive responsiveness.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) goal-corrected partnership.

Answer 3

attachment.

Question 4

Which of the following represents the foundation of modern attachment research?

A) ethological theory
B) Harlow's infant experiments
C) the Strange Situation
D) social referencing

Question 5

"Attachment comes from traits and behaviors that have evolved over time to increase the infant's chances of survival." This is the basic tenet of what theory?

A) Chess's goodness of fit theory
B) Harlow's primate theory
C) Bowlby's ethological theory
D) Ainsworth's Strange Situation theory

Question 6

Which of the following is one of Bowlby's stages of attachment?

A) stranger anxiety
B) goodness of fit
C) secure-base attachment
D) contact comfort

Question 7

Newborns _____, a behavior that delights new parents.

A) cry when they hear their mother's voice
B) wave their arms when their siblings approach
C) turn their heads to look for their fathers
D) follow adults with their eyes

Question 8

Keisha is 9 months old. She became distressed the first time her mother left her at a new babysitter's house. According to Bowlby, what stage of attachment is Keisha in?

A) orientation without discrimination
B) orientation with discrimination
C) secure-base attachment
D) goal-corrected partnership

Question 9

John Bowlby's ethological theory proposes that the attachment figure provides a _____ base of emotional comfort for the infant.

A) home
B) safe
C) secure
D) nurturing

Question 10

John Bowlby's theory is based on

A) anthropology.
B) psychology.
C) sociology.
D) ethology.

Question 11

In Harlow's experiments, when infant monkeys were placed in an unfamiliar setting, with the cloth mothers they showed

A) fear of the cloth mother.
B) anxiety.
C) indifference to the cloth mother.
D) a sense of security in the cloth mother's presence.

Question 12

In Harlow's experiments, infant monkeys formed an attachment with

A) a cloth-covered surrogate mother.
B) a wire-mesh covered surrogate mother.
C) only their real mothers.
D) neither the surrogate nor the real mothers.

Question 13

The results of Harlow's primate experiments contradicted which theory?

A) ethological
B) psychoanalytic
C) social referencing
D) gestalt

Question 14

In _____, oral gratification during feeding establishes the initial bond between infant and mother.

A) ethological theory
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) social referencing
D) behavorial theory

Question 15

In _____, food serves as a powerful reinforcer for behaviors related to attachment.

A) ethological theory
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) social referencing
D) behavioral theory

Question 16

Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys gave support to the hypothesis that attachments form through

A) food as a reinforcer.
B) imprinting to the first moving object seen by the infant.
C) close contact with a soft, comforting person or thing.
D) oral gratification through feeding.

Question 17

The feeling infants get from clinging to a soft attachment figure is called

A) surrogating.
B) contact comfort.
C) separation anxiety.
D) coordinated imitation.

Question 18

In Harlow's experiments, when the wire mesh "mother" gave milk, the infant monkeys spent the majority of their time

A) with the cloth mother.
B) with the wire mother.
C) in the corner of the cage, alone.
D) hanging on to the side of the cage.

Question 19

The Strange Situation consists of _____ episodes strictly scripted to allow researchers to observe attachment behaviors in human infants.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 20

Ainsworth's Strange Situation was designed to measure

A) temperament.
B) attachment.
C) activity level.
D) the effects of day care.

Question 21

The Strange Situation test was designed by

A) Harry Harlow.
B) Margaret Harlow.
C) Mary Ainsworth.
D) John Bowlby.

Question 22

The correct order for the first 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is

A) introduction, mother leaves, stranger enters, unfamiliar room.
B) introduction, unfamiliar room, mother leaves, stranger enters.
C) introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves.
D) introduction, stranger enters, unfamiliar room, mother leaves.

Question 23

The correct order for the last 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is

A) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves.
B) reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves.
C) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again.
D) stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves.

Question 24

Jose is 10 months old. His mother enrolled him in day care now that she is returning to work full-time. On his first morning at the day care center, he cries when his mother leaves. Jose is showing

A) insecure attachment.
B) contact comfort.
C) separation anxiety.
D) orientation without discrimination.

Question 25

Separation anxiety in Ainsworth's research is similar to which stage in Bowlby's theory?

A) orientation without discrimination
B) orientation with discrimination
C) goal-corrected partnerships
D) secure-base attachment

Question 26

An infant who displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety is considered

A) to have no emotional attachment to any specific person.
B) to have an insecure attachment.
C) to be a normal infant.
D) to have emotion contagion.

Question 27

With insecure-avoidant attachment, seen in approximately _____ percent of infants studied in the United States, infants do not seem to use the mother as a secure base.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 28
D) 38

Question 28

Of the thousands of U.S. infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation, the majority shows which type of attachment?

A) secure
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) insecure-disorganized

Question 29

Rasheed is 10 months old. His mother takes him to an unfamiliar neighbor's house while she goes to the doctor. Rasheed cries when she leaves and is happy when his mother returns. Rasheed probably has which type of attachment?

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant
C) secure
D) insecure disorganized

Question 30

Mothers who respond positively, consistently, and warmly to their infants tend to have children with what type of attachment?

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant
C) insecure-disorganized
D) secure

Question 31

Of the thousands of infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation procedure, approximately _____ percent show secure attachment.

A) 42
B) 52
C) 62
D) 72

Question 32

Baby Michael and his mother are doing the Strange Situation for a research project. When his mother leaves, Michael becomes upset, but when she returns he doesn't want her to pick him up. This child would be considered to have which type of attachment according to Ainsworth's classification system?

A) insecure-disorganized
B) insecure-resistant
C) insecure-avoidant
D) secure

Question 33

Chantelle is a year old now. When she and her mother were tested in the Strange Situation, she did not get upset when her mother left and did not seem happy when her mother returned. Overall, Chantelle looked confused and dazed. Which type of attachment did Chantelle display?

A) insecure-disorganized
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) secure

Question 34

Matthew's mother abused him when he cried. She had been abused herself as a child. It is likely that Matthew will have which type of attachment?

A) insecure-disorganized
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) secure

Question 35

Insecure-resistant attachment is seen in about _____ percent of infants.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 36

Another name for insecure-ambivalent attachment is

A) insecure-resistant attachment.
B) insecure-disorganized attachment.
C) insecure-disoriented attachment.
D) insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 37

The most recent category of attachment to be added is

A) insecure-resistant attachment.
B) insecure-disorganized attachment.
C) sensitive responsiveness.
D) insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 38

Insecure-disoriented attachment is seen in nearly _____ percent of infants who have been tested.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 39

Mrs. Patel is reading to 13-month-old Puja. Puja sees a cat run across the front lawn and points to the cat. Her mother stops reading and carries Puja to the window, saying, "Look at the kitty." Mrs. Patel is demonstrating

A) overstimulating parenting.
B) sensitive responsiveness.
C) goal-corrected partnership.
D) indifferent parenting.

Question 40

Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to _____ attachments.

A) insecure-disorganized
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) secure

Question 41

Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that inconsistent parenting led to _____ attachments.

A) insecure-disorganized
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) secure

Question 42

The Q-sort method is used to measure _____ in infants.

A) temperament
B) emotions
C) attachment
D) social interactions

Question 43

Which country in the Cross-National attachment research study showed the lowest national percentage of attachment?

A) Chile
B) Sweden
C) Japan
D) Great Britain

Question 44

Which of the following countries had the highest percentage of infants with secure attachments?

A) Chile
B) Germany
C) Great Britain
D) the United States

Question 45

Within the United States, which ethnic group most values independence and competence in infants?

A) African-American
B) Puerto Rican
C) Asian
D) Caucasian

Question 46

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their doctor as with their mothers.
B) The type of attachment an infant displays is usually inconsistent from mother to father.
C) Infants form a secure attachment with their caregiver.
D) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their younger siblings as with their mothers.

Question 47

Marcus, an 18-month-old, lives in a two-parent family. He is securely attached to his mother. According to research, what type of attachment is he likely to have with his father?

A) insecure-avoidant
B) secure
C) insecure-resistant
D) There is not enough research on father-infant attachment to know Marcus's attachment.

Question 48

Day care research in the 1980s suggested that attachment is affected if the infant

A) spent more than 40 hours per week in day care.
B) was placed in day care before 6 months old.
C) was placed in day care after 9 months old.
D) spent more than 20 hours a week in day care.

Question 49

A recent nationwide study of time spent in day care by infants found

A) day care of infants caused insecure types of attachment.
B) time spent in day care only affected attachment if the mother was not sensitive and responsive.
C) the age at which infants began day care affected the type of attachment.
D) day care affected attachment only when there was not a father in the home.

Question 50

Which of the following would be the BEST way to learn about the long-term effects of infant attachment on children's development?

A) cross-sectional research
B) longitudinal research
C) naturalistic observations
D) correlational studies

Question 51

Research on the long-term effects of attachment has found

A) preschoolers who had been securely attached were happier and more compliant.
B) preschoolers with secure attachments were less popular and had lower self-esteem.
C) teens that had been securely attached as infants had more psychological problems.
D) by age 10 years, children in the securely attached classification were still more dependent.

Question 52

Of the world's most economically successful nations, _____ has no paid leave benefits.

A) Germany
B) Singapore
C) United States
D) United Kingdom

Question 53

One country with no benefits for parental leave is

A) United States.
B) Great Britain.
C) Turkey.
D) Sweden.

Question 54

Out of the most developed countries in the world, _____ generally had the best family leave policies.

A) nations in the European Union
B) Great Britain
C) Turkey
D) Australia

Question 55

Only about _____ percent of the U.S. workforce is covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 40
D) 45

Question 56

An infant or child's behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment is his/her

A) attachment type.
B) goodness of fit.
C) temperament.
D) threshold of responsiveness.

Question 57

How many temperament dimensions are present in Thomas and Chess's classification system?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 58

Thomas and Chess conducted longitudinal studies of infants to learn about

A) attachment.
B) temperament.
C) cognitive development.
D) social relationships.

Question 59

On the basis of detailed interviews with the parents, Thomas and Chess identified _____ temperament dimensions that seemed to capture the diverse behavior patterns exhibited among the infants.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 60

Nyguen is 14 months old. He generally is a happy baby who "goes with the flow" and is predictable in his eating and sleeping routines. Which temperament type is Nyguen?

A) difficult
B) insecure-avoidant
C) slow to warm up
D) easy

Question 61

Megan, now 9 months old, has been a handful for her parents. They have not been able to get her into a regular sleep or feeding schedule. Megan cries a great deal and her grandmother describes her as "colicky." What temperament does Megan have?

A) difficult
B) insecure-disorganized
C) slow to warm up
D) easy

Question 62

The mother of Leilani, a 6-month-old, has noticed that it seems to take Leilani more time to adjust to new things than it took for her older sister. For example, the first time Leilani was given strained carrots, she spit them out. Her mother tried giving her carrots again the next day with the same result. By the third day, however, Leilani ate the carrots. Which temperament type best fits Leilani?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) insecure-resistant
D) slow to warm up

Question 63

Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess?

A) activity level
B) goodness of fit
C) coordinated imitation
D) social referencing

Question 64

Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess?

A) quality of mood
B) goodness of fit
C) coordinated imitation
D) social referencing

Question 65

In Thomas and Chess's original study, 40% of the children were classified as

A) easy.
B) secure.
C) slow to warm up.
D) difficult.

Question 66

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is how predictable and regular the infant's schedules are.

A) activity level
B) rhythmicity
C) approach or withdrawal
D) adaptability

Question 67

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the ease with which an infant modifies his or her responses in a desirable way when confronted with new or changing situations.

A) activity level
B) rhythmicity
C) approach or withdrawal
D) adaptability

Question 68

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of motor activity during daily activities.

A) activity level
B) rhythmicity
C) approach or withdrawal
D) adaptability

Question 69

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of positive or negative responses to a new stimulus.

A) activity level
B) rhythmicity
C) approach or withdrawal
D) adaptability

Question 70

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree to which environmental stimuli interfere with ongoing behavior.

A) threshold of responsiveness
B) intensity of reaction
C) quality of mood
D) distractibility

Question 71

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the energy level of the response.

A) threshold of responsiveness
B) intensity of reaction
C) quality of mood
D) distractibility

Question 72

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the intensity level of stimulation that is needed to cause a response.

A) threshold of responsiveness
B) intensity of reaction
C) quality of mood
D) distractibility

Question 73

Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the amount of pleasant or unpleasant response.

A) threshold of responsiveness
B) intensity of reaction
C) quality of mood
D) distractibility

Question 74

The _____ model emphasizes the complementary forces of nature and nurture.

A) social referencing
B) interactionist
C) ethological theory
D) behaviorist

Question 75

Research has found that the heritability of temperament is

A) moderately high.
B) moderately low.
C) very high.
D) very low.

Question 76

The degree to which a child's temperament and his/her environment go together is called

A) social referencing.
B) emotional contagion.
C) goodness of fit.
D) secure attachment.

Question 77

Heritability estimates range from about 44-_____ percent for traits such as anxiety, sociability, activity level, emotionality, task orientation, and control.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

Question 78

Tyrone is a very active child. Fortunately, his father played sports in college and enjoys playing ball with Tyrone. Tyrone's mother is also athletic and takes Tyrone and his sister on long walks and is teaching them soccer. This compatibility between Tyrone's temperament and his environment is called

A) coordinated imitation.
B) goodness of fit.
C) emotional contagion.
D) social referencing.

Question 79

A poor match between a child's temperament and his/her environment may lead to

A) enhanced development.
B) behavior disorders.
C) parent-child compatibility.
D) healthy development.

Question 80

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Measures of temperament are not very stable over time.
B) Temperament is highly consistent from infancy through adulthood.
C) Easy temperament is more consistent over time than difficult temperament.
D) Of the dimensions of temperament, only distractibility was consistent over time.