Deck 1: Exploring Child Development

Question 1

The field of study in which researchers from many disciplines work to describe and understand physical, cognitive, and social changes in children as they grow is called _______________.

A) psychology
B) psychoanalysis
C) child development
D) socioemotional development

Answer 1

child development

Question 2

Theories act as filters for identifying relevant information, observations, and relationships. This means that they _______________.

A) determine how far children can develop
B) influence the kinds of questions that researchers ask about development
C) help explain biases in thinking and acting
D) shape the beliefs and values of each culture

Answer 2

influence the kinds of questions that researchers ask about development

Question 3

What are the 3 primary facets or components of development?

A) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
B) cognitive, socioemotional, and behavior genetics
C) socioemotional, behavior genetics, and cultural
D) physical, cognitive, and cultural

Answer 3

physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of physical development?

A) communication and language
B) attachment to the primary caretaker
C) growth of the brain and nervous system
D) improvements in long-term memory

Question 5

Shortly after birth, Terrell could not even hold his head up, but just a few months later, he can hold his head up and roll over from his back to his stomach. These advances in Terrell's muscle strength and coordination are examples of _______________.

A) physical development
B) cognitive development
C) socioemotional development
D) child development

Question 6

Changes in how children think, remember, and communicate is called _______________.

A) physical development
B) cognitive development
C) socioemotional development
D) child development

Question 7

Francisco does well in school, and in particular, he enjoys math and science classes. Intellectual skills such as memory, problem solving, and logic that are practiced in classes such as these are part of _______________ development.

A) socioemotional
B) cultural
C) physical
D) cognitive

Question 8

Socioemotional development is best described as how _______________.

A) children interact with other people
B) children view themselves
C) one society views children from a different society
D) society molds the emotions of children

Question 9

Amy is going through a "lanky" period of development. This indicates that _______________.

A) she is thin due to malnutrition
B) she is tall as she exercises a lot
C) she has unusually long limbs
D) her height gain outpaces her gains in weight and muscle mass

Question 10

An approach that considers development as an interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors is the _______________.

A) information-processing approach
B) combinational approach
C) biopsychosocial approach
D) behavior genetics

Question 11

According to the biopsychosocial approach, development is an interaction of the following factors:

A) biological, social, cultural.
B) biological, psychological, social.
C) biological, psychological, cultural.
D) social, cultural, emotional.

Question 12

This model was first developed as a way to better understand illness and wellness.

A) information-processing approach
B) combinational approach
C) biopsychosocial approach
D) behavior genetics

Question 13

An approach to studying connections between neurons in an intact brain is called _______________.

A) connectionalism
B) connectomics
C) connectedness
D) neuroconnectionism

Question 14

Connectomics is an approach that scientists use to visualize _______________.

A) connections between neurons
B) biological connections between fraternal twins
C) emotional connections between child and caretaker
D) connections between genes

Question 15

Using the ______ approach, neuroscientists are now able to identify and track changes in connections among neurons.

A) neurological
B) biological
C) connectivity
D) connectomics

Question 16

Sociobiology is a subarea within _______________.

A) psychosocial theory
B) the information-processing approach
C) behavioral theories of child development
D) ethology

Question 17

The study of the evolutionary development of social interactions among humans and among animals is called _______________.

A) behavior genetics
B) imprinting
C) sociobiology
D) neuroscience

Question 18

Matthew was angry and punched Jacob because he wanted the toy truck that Jacob had. This is an example of ________ development.

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) socioemotional
D) child

Question 19

Nature refers to _______________.

A) interactive forces that impact development
B) environmental forces that impact development
C) cognitive forces that impact development
D) biological forces that impact development

Question 20

Like his father, Joshua has curly brown hair and brown eyes. These similarities between parent and child can be best explained by the influence of _______________.

A) culture
B) language
C) diet
D) nature

Question 21

Among the following, which is LEAST likely to be considered an aspect of "nurture"?

A) access to adequate nutrition and medical care
B) the influence of parents and other significant adults
C) genetic characteristics within a family
D) cultural background and history

Question 22

Janice is studying the effects of diversity on child development. From what families should she draw her sample?

A) families with gay and lesbian parents
B) single-parent families
C) families with adopted children
D) all of the above

Question 23

At school, and with his friends, Jose speaks English. While at home, he speaks Spanish with his parents and sister. Jose's experiences with two languages illustrate the influence of __________________ on child development.

A) cognitive development
B) diversity and multiculturalism
C) genes
D) the microsystem

Question 24

Which of the following theorists thought that experience and learning, or nurture, determined what children would become?

A) John Watson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 25

Research on how nature and nurture influence the development of IQ suggests that _______________.

A) nature has a larger impact than nurture
B) nurture has a larger impact than nature
C) both nature and nurture have an impact
D) neither nature nor nurture has an impact

Question 26

Bouchard and McGue (1981) found that the IQs of identical twins are ______________ when the twins are raised together than when they are adopted and reared apart.

A) more similar
B) higher
C) lower
D) no different

Question 27

____________ refers to a new emphasis in psychology on the study of happiness and positive development.

A) Information processing approach
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Positive psychology
D) Ethology

Question 28

Which of the following examples might be studied by a positive psychologist?

A) aggressive behavior in adolescence
B) sharing and cooperation in preschool children
C) depression in children with chronic illnesses
D) effects of brain damage on language development

Question 29

_______________ children are those who rise above adversity, such as illness, abuse, or poverty during their childhood and develop in positive ways.

A) Adaptive
B) Healthy
C) Successful
D) Resilient

Question 30

Theories do all of the following EXCEPT

A) organize a wide variety of varied facts in a coherent fashion.
B) allow future behavior to be predicted with some level of certainty.
C) encourage further exploration and discovery of new facts.
D) ignore historical contributions and focus on contemporary research.

Question 31

Erica's parents are concerned about her frequent tantrums. After consulting a parenting handbook, they decide to apply Skinner's theory of positive reinforcement by praising and rewarding her for good behavior. In particular, the theory allows them to predict that Erika _______________.

A) will sleep better at night
B) will develop better language skills
C) will have fewer tantrums
D) will improve her reading ability

Question 32

How do parents, teachers, counselors, and others who work with children benefit from theories?

A) Theories provide guidance in real-world situations.
B) Theories replace the need for hands-on training or experience.
C) Theories provide detailed solutions to specific problems.
D) Theories are correct because they have been tested and verified.

Question 33

When a researcher wants to test a theory, she or he needs to create _______________.

A) another theory
B) a hypothesis
C) behavior genetics
D) psychoanalytic theories

Question 34

An important difference between theories and hypotheses is that _______________.

A) theories do not allow the prediction of future behavior and events
B) hypotheses can be tested and directly verified
C) theories are specific, while hypotheses are general
D) theories are only valid during the historical period in which they were created

Question 35

Which of the following answers shows the correct order of the emergence of theories regarding child development?

A) psychoanalytic theory, cognitive theory, behavioral/social learning theory, neuropsychology
B) psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, neuropsychology, cognitive theory
C) psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, cognitive theory, neuropsychology
D) psychoanalytic theory, neuropsychology, cognitive theory, behavioral/social learning theory

Question 36

Psychoanalytic theories are theories that focus on _______________.

A) the structure of personality
B) observable environmental conditions
C) biological explanations of development
D) the interactions among systems and variables

Question 37

According to ________, the mind contains three basic components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

A) Freud
B) Watson
C) Piaget
D) Erikson

Question 38

Psychoanalytic theory proposes that the _____________ is present at birth and is inherited from our evolutionary ancestors.

A) ego
B) conscious mind
C) superego
D) id

Question 39

Sarah knows that stealing her friend's homework is wrong. Sigmund Freud would say that this is due to the influence of Sarah's _______________.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) religious upbringing

Question 40

Which branch of the personality is described as containing the subconscious, primitive sexual, and aggressive instincts?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of the above

Question 41

Critics of Freud have argued that his theory focuses too much on _______________.

A) the influence of the child's environment
B) developmental changes that occur during adulthood
C) the unconscious mind and sexual impulses
D) the coordination of sensorimotor schemes

Question 42

Natasha is a 6-month-old who often plays with her toys by chewing on them and exploring them with her mouth. This type of behavior suggests she is in Freud's __________ stage of psychosexual development.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 43

A fixation is _______________.

A) an occurrence in which the child acquires the superego of the same-sex parent
B) an area of development that brings delayed gratification
C) a place where development is blocked, and development becomes stuck at that level
D) an occurrence in which the child acquires the superego of the opposite-sex parent

Question 44

Three-year-old Tamika is transitioning from pull-up diapers to regular underwear. According to Freud, her current stage of psychosexual development is likely to be _______________.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 45

Nine-year-old Timmy only wants to play with other boys because he thinks that girls are "gross." Which of the psychosexual stages is Timmy probably experiencing?

A) anal
B) latency
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 46

Assuming that fixation has not occurred, a teenager should be in which of Freud's five psychosexual stages?

A) oral
B) latency
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 47

Freud's most controversial proposal involved a phenomenon called the Oedipus complex, which occurs during the _______________.

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) phallic stage
D) latency stage

Question 48

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, during the Oedipus complex, young children _______________.

A) seek oral gratification by sucking, biting, and babbling
B) have unconscious sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent
C) learn to anticipate and control their bowel movements
D) repress sexual urges and prefer same-sex companions

Question 49

When children copy the morals, ideals, and values of their same-sex parent, this is known as _______________.

A) identification
B) reification
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 50

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory is primarily concerned with _______________.

A) the five stages of psychosexual development
B) behavior controlled by stimulus-response connections
C) the roles of culture and social interaction in cognitive development
D) the development of healthy ego identity

Question 51

Which of the following theorists hypothesized that his theory involves "conflicts, inner and outer, which the vital personality weathers, re-emerging from each crisis with an increased sense of inner unity, with an increase of good judgment"?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) John Watson
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 52

Erik Erikson believed that our identity develops as we _______________.

A) pass through a series of psychosexual stages
B) pass through a series of eight major crises
C) increase our cognitive development
D) decrease our social interactions

Question 53

Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that _______________.

A) the oral stage begins during prenatal development
B) reinforcement can help a child reach the next stage of development
C) children first form an attachment to their fathers
D) personality development continued long after adolescence

Question 54

As an infant, Amy has positive interactions with nurturing parents. According to Erikson, Amy would have learned that _______________.

A) the world is dependable and that people are basically trustworthy
B) her parents are an unconditioned stimulus that is causing her to have an unconditioned response
C) her superego is stronger than her id
D) her parents belong to a larger system that enables them to be supportive and nurturing toward her

Question 55

Which example illustrates the challenge facing children during Erikson's second stage of development?

A) learning to trust their primary caretaker
B) developing individual skills such as walking, talking, and bowel control
C) striving to reach goals and expectations
D) discovering that one has a unique set of talents and abilities

Question 56

Which of the following stages of Erikson's theory occurs after adolescence?

A) initiative versus guilt
B) identity versus role confusion
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 57

A 10-year-old boy, Benjamin, always compares his grades with his classmates' grades and his athletic ability with his other teammates' abilities. Benjamin is probably facing which psychosocial crisis?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) initiative versus guilt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) integrity versus despair

Question 58

Christopher has recently graduated from college and is making plans to propose marriage to his girlfriend and start a family together. According to Erikson, the challenge that Christopher faces at this stage of psychosocial development can be described as _______________.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) integrity versus despair

Question 59

Which of the following examples illustrates Erikson's final stage of psychosocial development, "integrity versus despair"?

A) A grandmother reflects on how her children and grandchildren have grown.
B) A high-school student worries about being accepted by his peers.
C) A 40-year-old father begins to feel that his career does not offer meaningful work.
D) A 4-year-old preschool child feels proud after finishing a craft project.

Question 60

John Watson criticized psychoanalysis and argued that psychology needed to focus on _______________.

A) observable conditions in the environment
B) internal thoughts and emotions
C) genetic traits that lead to personality development
D) culture and social interaction in cognitive development

Question 61

John Watson was associated with ___________________, an American movement to develop a psychology that was objective and scientific.

A) behaviorism
B) cognitivism
C) nativism
D) contextualism

Question 62

Watson adapted Pavlov's work on _______________ by making a loud noise, as 11-month-old Albert touched a white rat. Soon after the noise, Albert would not touch the rat and began to cry whenever he saw it.

A) operant conditioning
B) positive reinforcement
C) psychosocial development
D) classical conditioning

Question 63

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the _______________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 64

Maria's spring allergies are so intense, even looking at pictures of flowers can make her sneeze. This reaction can be explained by which type of learning theory?

A) information processing
B) classical conditioning
C) ecological systems theory
D) social learning theory

Question 65

Any stimulus that when presented increases the likelihood of a behavior is called _______________.

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) social learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 66

Any stimulus that when presented decreases the likelihood of a behavior is called _______________.

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) social learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 67

Which theorist is associated with the process of operant conditioning?

A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sigmund Freud
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 68

An important distinction between the theories of Watson and Skinner is that while Watson focused on children's reflexive responses to stimuli, Skinner pointed out that children also _______________.

A) learn by observation
B) learn through the consequences of their actions
C) differ fundamentally in how they develop across cultures
D) have a set of inherited instincts that guide the learning process

Question 69

Patricia, a 14-year-old girl, has not been doing her math homework. Consequently, she failed her math exam. Her parents have decided to place her on restriction, so she is not allowed to talk on the phone after school for two weeks. If placing Patricia on restriction serves to decrease the number of failing math grades that she receives, then the restriction was an effective form of _______________.

A) classical conditioning
B) social learning
C) reinforcement
D) punishment

Question 70

In a recent court case in the state of Florida, a boy killed his younger sister by performing wrestling moves on her that he learned how to do by watching a wrestling match on television. His behavior illustrates _______________.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning
D) punishment

Question 71

Social learning theory would say that if a child saw someone receive reinforcement for a behavior, then that child would be ________ to imitate that behavior in the future.

A) more likely
B) less likely
C) unable
D) forced

Question 72

__________________ developed a theory of social learning that highlights the influence of observing and imitating the behaviors of other people.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 73

Which of the following theories of child development states that children adjust their own understanding as they explore and learn about the world?

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) psychosocial theory
C) social learning theory
D) cognitive developmental theory

Question 74

According to Piaget, children represent what they understand about the world in cognitive structures he called _______________.

A) conditioned responses
B) socially learned theories
C) mental schemes
D) sensorimotor thought

Question 75

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, assimilation _______________.

A) occurs when an infant incorporates new information into an existing mental scheme
B) occurs when an infant adjusts a mental scheme to allow for new information
C) is another name for a mental scheme
D) all of the above

Question 76

Piaget believed that the processes of assimilation and accommodation _______________.

A) are relevant processes only during infancy
B) occur during all four major stages or phases of development
C) are acquired through the observation and imitation of others
D) are shaped by reinforcement and punishment

Question 77

A kindergartner needs to figure out how to place a square wooden block into a square-shaped hole on a pegboard. If he is not successful and tries to put the square block into the round hole, the child will need to ________ the new information.

A) imprint
B) assimilate
C) accommodate
D) structure

Question 78

Identify the correct ordering of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development.

A) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
B) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
C) concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational
D) formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

Question 79

The theory that focuses on how language and society influence the growth of thought in children is the _______________.

A) psychosocial theory
B) sociocultural theory
C) psychosexual theory
D) psychoanalytic theory

Question 80

Which of the following theorists developed the sociocultural theory of child development?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Urie Bronfenbrenner
D) Albert Bandura