Deck 12: Summary, Synthesis, and Integration

Question 1

Behavior theory is to learning theory as

A) elementary school is to college.
B) simple is to complex.
C) They are often synonymous.
D) They are competing perspectives.

Answer 1

They are often synonymous.

Question 2

Which of the following best distinguishes between behaviorists and cognitivists?

A) Cognitivists are deeper thinkers than behaviorists.
B) The two perspectives are mutually exclusive.
C) A cognitivist's approach is more scientific.
D) The terms behaviorist and cognitivist are simply convenient labels.

Answer 2

The terms behaviorist and cognitivist are simply convenient labels.

Question 3

Which of the following was not descriptive of Watson?

A) He assumed that individuals are born with a behavioral repertoire of only a few reflexes.
B) He accepted the laws of classical conditioning.
C) He acknowledged the joint contribution of nature and nurture.
D) His focus of attention was on the observable as opposed to the hypothetical.

Answer 3

He acknowledged the joint contribution of nature and nurture.

Question 4

Which of the following does not describe Guthrie's perspective?

A) Learning is complete upon the first pairing of stimulus and response.
B) Additional pairings of stimulus and response strengthen the original bond.
C) He identified several ways to deal with undesirable habits.
D) He believed that consequences of a behavior are not important in learning.

Question 5

Which of the following is not descriptive of Thorndike?

A) He introduced the notion of reinforcement.
B) He believed that learning occurs through trial and error.
C) He described learning as stamping in and forgetting as stamping out.
D) He ruled out contiguity and cultural background as factors in learning.

Question 6

Which of the following is descriptive of Hull's perspective?

A) His approach was intended to be predictive of behavior.
B) He constructed a complete formal hypotheticodeductive theory of human behavior.
C) His intervening variables were metaphors of cognitive processes.
D) He rejected the concept of habits as too cognitive.

Question 7

Which of the following is not descriptive of Skinner's approach?

A) He introduced the operant conditioning model.
B) He included classical conditioning as part of his overall approach.
C) Experimentation was mostly done with human subjects.
D) His work has wide applications for a variety of fields.

Question 8

Which of the following is descriptive of Hebb's perspective?

A) His work was anchored in previously established and widely accepted neuropsychological research.
B) He claimed that repeated firing of neurons facilitates ease of transmission among neurons accounting for learning.
C) He believed that phase sequences correspond to simple sensory input.
D) His approach was a challenge to the validity of Arousal Theory.

Question 9

Which of the following is not descriptive of a Gestalt approach to learning?

A) The whole, as opposed to parts, is emphasized.
B) The primary concern was to discover the laws that govern perception.
C) A trial and error approach to learning was emphasized.
D) The general approach was one of synthesis.

Question 10

Which of the following is descriptive of Tolman's approach to learning?

A) He believed that expectancies direct behavior.
B) He believed that behavior is guided by stimuli.
C) He emphasized the molecular aspects of behavior.
D) He emphasized contiguity in learning.

Question 11

Which of the following is descriptive of Bruner's approach to learning?

A) Categorization is the treatment of objects in terms of differences.
B) He emphasized concepts and rejected percepts.
C) He believed that young children and adults process information in very much the same way.
D) He described categories as the treatment of objects as though they were in some way equivalent.

Question 12

Which of the following is associated with long-term memory?

A) declarative memory
B) working memory
C) echoic memory
D) iconic memory

Question 13

Which of the following represents an active view of human behavior?

A) drives
B) reflexes
C) attributions
D) instincts

Question 14

Which of the following is not a criticism of behaviorism?

A) the ethics of control
B) scientific rigor of research
C) animal studies
D) dehumanization

Question 15

Which of the following is not a criticism of cognitivism?

A) lack of precision in research
B) confusing terminology
C) subjectivity of theorizing
D) concerns irrelevant to human behavior

Question 16

Ethology is

A) the study of ethics.
B) the study of animals in natural settings.
C) the study of humans in laboratory settings.
D) the study of mediating variables.

Question 17

Tolman believed that reinforcement results in

A) response-stimulus links.
B) response-reinforcement links.
C) cognition.
D) Tolman did not believe in reinforcement.

Question 18

According to Hebb, a moderate amount of arousal results in

A) low self-efficacy.
B) an inhibition of neural transmission.
C) a moderate level of functioning.
D) an optimal level of functioning.

Question 19

Piaget's perspective held that children

A) discover reality.
B) learn reality passively.
C) construct a view of reality.
D) are inhibited by reality.

Question 20

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is

A) the notion that children should be given tasks so simple they can accomplish them on their own.
B) the notion that children capable of X on their own may be capable of X + Y with help from a competent adult or older child.
C) the notion that if a child is given a difficult task, s/he will accomplish it even if they are at first incapable of completing it.
D) the notion that children will learn only when they are ready to learn.

Question 21

Which of the following is not included in the concept of scaffolding?

A) providing models
B) asking leading questions
C) correcting errors
D) grading on a curve

Question 22

Which of the following is not one of the important aspects for understanding human behavior according to Bandura?

A) the ability to imagine the consequences of actions
B) the ability to discover cause and effect relationships
C) the direct and immediate consequences of an action
D) the ability to anticipate

Question 23

Bandura's theory is based on the premise that humans are agents of their own actions. Which of the following is not one of his concepts?

A) outcome reinforcement
B) intentionality
C) forethought
D) self-reflectiveness

Question 24

Tabula Rasa describes the learner in which of the following ways?

A) intentionality, evaluation of experience
B) invents rules, discovers concepts
C) the infant's mind is an empty vessel at birth
D) biological constraints and predispositions

Question 25

Which of the following theorists is associated with constructivism?

A) Tolman
B) Watson
C) Vygotsky
D) Skinner

Question 26

The novice-to-expert approach to learning describes the learner in which of the following ways?

A) complete receptivity to influence
B) intentionality and evaluation of experience
C) biological constraints and predispositions
D) domain specific, connectionism

Question 27

Nativism describes the learner in which of the following ways?

A) complete receptivity to influence
B) previously built in constraints and capabilities
C) domain specific ongoing mastery
D) intentionality and evaluation of experience

Question 28

"Hypothesis generator" describes the learner in which of the following ways?

A) domain specific ongoing mastery
B) characterized by intentionality
C) invents rules and discovers concepts
D) biological constraints and predispositions

Question 29

Constructivism describes the learner in which of the following ways?

A) discovers rules and makes meaning out of experience
B) domain specific ongoing mastery
C) biological constraints and dispositions
D) intentionality and evaluation of experience

Question 30

Which of the following is an accurate pairing?

A) novice-to-expert / Hull
B) tabula rasa / Bruner
C) constructivism / Piaget
D) hypothesis generator / Skinner

Question 31

Which of the following is an accurate pairing?

A) nativism / Gestalt
B) novice-to-expert / ethologists
C) constructivism / Thorndike
D) hypothesis generator / Skinner

Question 32

Which of the following describes concept learning?

A) combining simple rules to form more complex rules to solve problems
B) responding to a set of objects in terms of their similarities
C) the connection of a sequence of verbal S-R behaviors
D) simple Pavlovian conditioning

Question 33

An important contribution of evolutionary psychology and sociobiology is the

A) increased attention on human behavior's biological roots.
B) highlighting of consequences of stimuli, responses, and response sequences.
C) emphasis on the learner as a hypothesis generator.
D) focus on human feelings being the source of human behavior.

Question 34

Three behavior control systems summarize the major learning theories. Which one of the following is not one of the behavioral control systems?

A) stimulus control
B) response control
C) outcome control
D) symbolic control

Question 35

The first psychological theorists associated with modern cognitivism are

A) Wundt, Tichener, and James.
B) Thorndike, Pavlov, and Guthrie.
C) Köhler, Koffka, and Wertheimer.
D) Watson, Skinner, and Hull.