Deck 10: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following does not describe the study of motivation?

A) the study of explanations of behavior
B) the study of reasons for behavior
C) the study of causes of behavior
D) the study of alternatives to behavior

Answer 1

the study of alternatives to behavior

Question 2

Motivation is very closely tied to

A) actions.
B) causes.
C) emotions.
D) objects.

Answer 2

emotions.

Question 3

As explanations for behavior, reflexes

A) are complex but useful.
B) are closely related to needs.
C) are most useful prior to adolescence.
D) are limited in usefulness.

Answer 3

are limited in usefulness.

Question 4

Which of the following do many psychologists argue is an accurate description of instincts?

A) They account for a wide range of behaviors.
B) They vary within a species.
C) They are acquired behavior.
D) They do not seem to exist in humans.

Question 5

Which of the following is an accurate description of reflexes?

A) They are biologically based explanations for some behaviors, but limited for generalizations for all behaviors.
B) They are not really that important for human survival.
C) They are conditioned but limited explanations for behavior.
D) They account for a great range of behaviors.

Question 6

Which of the following is an accurate description of imprinting?

A) It is permanent unlearned behavior that appears at birth.
B) It is unlearned behavior that does not appear until exposed to a releaser.
C) It is unlearned behavior that appears at birth but disappears when exposed to an inhibitor.
D) It does not relate to later sexual behavior.

Question 7

Psychological hedonism may be described as

A) the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain for the greatest number of people.
B) the pursuit of pleasure only.
C) limited in explanatory usefulness due to subjectivity of its key concepts.
D) the primary human motivator according to a preponderance of scientific evidence.

Question 8

The problem with Maslow's concept of self-actualization is

A) it can't ever be defined.
B) it is not a state but a process of growth.
C) the triangle is too narrow.
D) the top of the triangle is too pointy.

Question 9

Deficiency needs lead to behavior when

A) metaneeds are met.
B) they are satisfied.
C) they are followed by growth needs.
D) conditions that satisfy them are lacking.

Question 10

Drive reduction involves

A) satisfying needs.
B) following instincts.
C) the passage of time.
D) need deficiency.

Question 11

According to Brehm and Self, which of the following factors does not influence level of motivation?

A) internal states (needs)
B) probability of behavior leading to desired outcomes
C) potential outcomes
D) fulfilled need

Question 12

The Yerkes-Dodson law deals with

A) behavioral effectiveness.
B) locus of control.
C) optimal arousal.
D) need satisfaction.

Question 13

Arousal relates to intensity of motivation in which of the following ways?

A) Intense arousal always precedes high levels of motivation.
B) Arousal has no relationship to motivation.
C) The relationship is not perfectly linear.
D) Arousal does not influence tension or energy of an individual.

Question 14

An organism in a state of physiological arousal

A) is at a steady state of motivation.
B) tends to be less focused.
C) has increased electrical activity in the brain.
D) is less receptive to stimuli.

Question 15

The inverted U-shaped function described by Yerkes-Dodson represents

A) the dramatic decrease in arousal intensity for which researchers cannot account.
B) the optimal level of arousal with levels below the optimal level representing less effective behavior.
C) a correspondence between number of tasks attempted and effectiveness.
D) a relationship between complexity of a task and level of arousal.

Question 16

With regard to optimal arousal, Hebb specifies two assumptions:

A) arousal invokes pleasure, and arousal can't be maintained for an extended period of time.
B) arousal is solely a physiological concept, and behavior is affected at an optimal level of arousal only.
C) arousal is a generalized concept, and optimal arousal is resisted by the organism.
D) optimal level of arousal is task specific, and an organism acts to maintain the level that is appropriate for the ongoing behavior.

Question 17

Those with a high need to achieve attribute low test scores to

A) the professor.
B) trick questions.
C) their own effort.
D) difficulty of the material.

Question 18

Gaining new information that contradicts expectations, preferences, and beliefs may exemplify which approach to the reduction of cognitive dissonance?

A) attitude change
B) behavior change
C) compartmentalization
D) perceptual distortion

Question 19

New Year's resolutions may exemplify which approach to the reduction of cognitive dissonance?

A) attitude change
B) recall of information
C) behavior change
D) compartmentalization

Question 20

Leaving home in the morning you leave your personal life there and leaving the office in the afternoon you leave your work life there. This approach may exemplify which cognitive dissonance reducing strategy?

A) behavior change
B) attitude change
C) compartmentalization
D) recall of information

Question 21

Selective exposure to information is an example of which approach to the reduction of cognitive dissonance?

A) attitude change
B) perceptual distortion
C) recall of information
D) compartmentalization

Question 22

Cognitive dissonance is a direct function of

A) the causes to which behavior is attributed.
B) self-actualization.
C) recall of information.
D) conflict.

Question 23

Which of the following is not an assumption of Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory of motivation?

A) People need to feel in control of their own actions.
B) People need to attribute success to intrinsic factors.
C) People need to believe in external causes.
D) People need to believe they can succeed.

Question 24

In Attribution Theory, locus of control refers to

A) external and internal causes.
B) the recognition that it is possible to change.
C) a mental list evaluating pros and cons of behavior.
D) whether or not individuals can succeed or fail.

Question 25

People with varying needs for achievement make attributions in which of the following ways?

A) high need for achievement; blames others for failure and credits self for success
B) high need for achievement; blames self for failure and credits self for success
C) low need for achievement; blames self for failure and credits self for success
D) low need for achievement; credits self for success and refuses to face failure

Question 26

High self-efficacy influences

A) thought and planning.
B) persistence and effort.
C) blame and criticism.
D) hopes and dreams.

Question 27

High self-efficacy may be seen as

A) personal humility.
B) personal growth.
C) personal pride.
D) personal power.

Question 28

The higher the level of self-efficacy, the

A) greater the effort.
B) greater the success.
C) more appropriate the goals.
D) greater the payoff received.

Question 29

Self-efficacy is illustrated by

A) "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again."
B) "If you don't try, at least you won't fail."
C) "Only a fool enjoys failure."
D) "We all must endure our handicaps."

Question 30

In which of the following ways can feedback serve to build self-efficacy?

A) hearing a lecture on how something is done
B) being made aware of the failure of another
C) encouragement from someone who believes in you
D) receiving a failing grade

Question 31

Which of the following does not influence self-efficacy?

A) enactive (reflecting on one's own actions)
B) input from those who keep you humble
C) vicarious (comparison between self and others)
D) persuasory (result of persuasion)

Question 32

Expectancy-Value Theory reflects all of the following components of value judgments except

A) attainment value.
B) intrinsic value.
C) utility value.
D) pleasing others value.

Question 33

Changing behavior may be desirable in some cases; for example, toilet training. One factor that does not play a key role in success with this goal is

A) coercion.
B) motivation.
C) rewards.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 34

The enactive effect on self-efficacy involves

A) rehearsing behavior ahead of time.
B) one's past behavior.
C) a glimpse into the future.
D) the collective encouragement of others.

Question 35

A self-serving bias would have which attribution pattern?

A) Successes and failures are both attributed internally.
B) Successes and failures are both attributed externally.
C) Success is attributed internally and failure is attributed externally.
D) Failure is attributed internally and success is attributed externally.

Question 36

To enhance motivation in their classrooms, teachers do not need to know about

A) individual needs and goals of students
B) the effects of cognitive dissonance
C) the role of arousal in learning and behavior
D) the affective factors in decision making