Deck 17: Interpersonal Processes

Question 1

A police dog runs and throws itself between a police officer and a bank robber. Which of the following would explain why a dog would do such a thing?

A) nepotism
B) self-sacrifice
C) other-orientedness
D) altruism

Answer 1

altruism

Question 2

From what was said in the opening vignette of the chapter on "Interpersonal Processes," what was the primary reason people hid Jews from the Nazis during World War II?

A) hatred of the Nazis
B) did not fear the Nazis
C) they were taught to treat people fairly
D) they were emotionally bonded to the people they hid

Answer 2

they were taught to treat people fairly

Question 3

Which type of variable refers to the circumstances in which people find themselves?

A) contextual
B) situational
C) dispositional
D) physical

Answer 3

situational

Question 4

Which type of variable refers to the individual's personality and attitudes?

A) dispositional
B) character
C) role
D) self

Question 5

With regard to situational variables, which one of the following is the reason for why people hid Jews from the Nazis according to the textbook?

A) they came from close knit families
B) their geographic location (urban, suburban, rural)
C) number of rooms or having a cellar
D) degree of empathy

Question 6

According to the textbook and with regard to dispositional variables, which one of the following is the reason for why people hid Jews from the Nazis?

A) they came from close knit families
B) their geographic location (urban, suburban, rural)
C) number of rooms or having a cellar
D) degree of empathy

Question 7

According to your textbook, gratitude is linked with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) subjective well-being
B) happiness
C) number of friends
D) satisfaction with life

Question 8

The tendency of people to seek out and spend time with others is referred to as:

A) active socialization
B) self-socialization
C) affiliation
D) interpersonal self-grandizement

Question 9

According to the textbook, some psychologists believe that humans have a need to:

A) interact
B) socialize
C) interpersonally attract
D) belong

Question 10

The strong, possibly innate, need to be involved in relationships with others is known as:

A) interaction needs
B) secure attachment
C) interpersonal attraction
D) need to belong

Question 11

Proximity plays an important role in attraction because:

A) it introduces important social dynamics such as status
B) it allows people to address conformity and peer pressure in a familiar setting
C) it encourages reproductive success due to accessibility
D) it allows people to get to know one another and sets the stage for familiarity

Question 12

The idea that proximity breeds affection is dependent on:

A) recognition
B) familiarity
C) reciprocal rewarding
D) identity

Question 13

I heard a new song by Lady Gaga on the radio. The first time I heard it, I didn't really like the song. Repeated listening to the song will most likely lead to:

A) more positive feelings over time
B) more negative feelings over time
C) more positive feelings only if I judge myself as similar to other Lady Gaga songs
D) interaction accessibility

Question 14

Environmental spoiling refers to:

A) a significant decrease in the frequency of interaction among all of the individuals within a fixed distance of the epicenter
B) proximity leading to negative feelings
C) the tendency of human beings to negatively affect the environments within which they live
D) the loss of environmental potential as a result of industrialization and overpopulation

Question 15

Proximity has been shown to influence:

A) who you consider to be one of your closest friends
B) who you come to develop a romantic relationship with
C) environmental spoiling
D) all of the above

Question 16

In contrast to earlier findings purporting the importance of proximity, recent research suggests that ______ truly influences interpersonal attraction.

A) familiarity
B) interaction accessibility
C) interpersonal cooperation
D) environmental spacing

Question 17

My sister just got engaged to a wonderful person that she met over the Internet. They currently live in different cities about 7 hours apart. The best phrase to describe why they are now engaged is that they have.

A) interpersonal rewards for living apart
B) interaction accessibility
C) high need to belong
D) environmental spoiling

Question 18

The experiment by Lott and Lott (1974) described in your textbook had children teamed in groups of three to solve a problem. Some were given a chance to succeed on the task, but others failed the task. The data from this study suggest that:

A) children work better in same-sex than mixed-sex teams
B) children work better in mixed-sex than same-sex teams
C) attraction is based on similar viewpoints and ways of behaving
D) attraction is based on association with rewards

Question 19

The _____ theory considers reciprocal reward the basis of social relationships and has been influenced by behaviorism.

A) social exchange
B) asset-debit
C) cost-benefit
D) reinforcement-punishment

Question 20

According to social exchange theory, which of the following is considered to be the best?

A) An exchange of holiday cards.
B) An average looking guy is in a romantic relationship with a stunningly attractive woman.
C) Two kids exchanging toys they don't like for toys they do like.
D) All of the above are equal according to social exchange theory.

Question 21

When I imagine what a perfect potential relationship partner would be like, I think that I want someone attractive, funny, and wealthy. I think of all the things that the potential partner would be able to do for me, and the personal assets they would offer. In other words, I am looking for a partner based on

A) need to belong
B) social exchange theory
C) psychodynamic theory
D) self-serving biases.

Question 22

People tend to choose acquaintances, mates, and best friends on the basis of:

A) status
B) similarity
C) physical attraction
D) none of the above

Question 23

Support exists for the notion that similarity is a good reason for why people spend time with other people. According to what was presented in the textbook, which of the following rules or principles truly reflects people's preferences regarding similarity?

A) opposites attract
B) like attracts like
C) those who are complementary to us are preferred
D) all of the above

Question 24

If we limit the topic to college students, what is a primary reason men and women report being attracted to someone?

A) similar interests
B) equivalent activity levels
C) sense of humor
D) physical attractiveness

Question 25

In your textbook, a study was mentioned that involved incoming college students assigned to the same dormitory. Over the course of the semester, as the students got to know each other, friendships were based on

A) similarity of attitudes
B) physical attractiveness.
C) self-esteem.
D) social dominance.

Question 26

In your textbook, a study was mentioned that involved college students judging an individual's attractiveness (a) when allowed to see only a photograph of that person or (b) when allowed to see the photo and a survey containing the individual's attitudes. The additional information of the survey had what effect?

A) It had virtually no effect.
B) It increased the perceived physical attractiveness of the individual in the photo.
C) It decreased the attractiveness of the individual in the photo.
D) Attractiveness was dependent on the information in the survey, as expected.

Question 27

The _____ hypothesis reflects the notion that people choose partners they perceive to be as attractive as themselves.

A) isomorphism
B) matching
C) homogeneity
D) self-reflection

Question 28

Which one of the following explains why average looking men and women do not go out with people who are vastly more or less attractive than themselves?

A) isomorphism theory
B) matching hypothesis
C) homogeneity theory
D) self-reflection hypothesis

Question 29

Which one of the following is true of the link between physical attractiveness and liking?

A) attractive people make less attractive people feel jealous and resentful
B) physical beauty is the most important criterion college students use in judging initial attraction
C) attractive people work less hard than less attractive people, as they know others will compensate for them
D) attractive people are trying to minimize feelings of rejection

Question 30

According to the textbook, the average correlation between rated attractiveness of members of a couple should be _____ if it is truly the case that people tend to be romantically involved with someone of equivalent attractiveness.

A) -.90
B) -.60
C) +.30
D) +.50

Question 31

Based on what was stated in the textbook, which of the following is NOT true about physical attractiveness?

A) The female face is rated, on average, as more attractive than the male face, regardless of culture.
B) Standards of physical attractiveness vary from culture to culture.
C) Cross-culturally, the correlation between raters and ratings of facial attractiveness exceeds +.60.
D) The more attractive a person's face, the longer an infant will gaze at it.

Question 32

The influence of physical attractiveness on interpersonal attraction is believed to be the result of the:

A) amygdala
B) ventral striatum
C) limbic system
D) all of the above

Question 33

The idea that interpersonal attraction is tied to physical attractiveness makes it appear that humans are shallow. This idea can be dismissed based on which one of the following, as presented in your textbook?

A) findings have been difficult to replicate
B) inability of psychologists to define what exactly is meant by "attractive"
C) questionable external validity
D) low internal validity

Question 34

Intense physiological arousal and absorption in another person is the hallmark of:

A) passionate love
B) lust
C) hedonism
D) carnal desire

Question 35

My heart starts beating faster and I feel much more alive whenever Andrea and I are together. It is almost as if the rest of the world is gone when we are together. This reflects which of the following?

A) passionate love
B) infatuation
C) hedonism
D) carnal desire

Question 36

Companionate love involves:

A) wild emotions, intense physiological arousal, and absorption in another person
B) deep affection, friendship, and emotional intimacy
C) acquaintance cordiality, friendship, and societal responsibility
D) selflessness, altruism, and reciprocal giving

Question 37

Sharla and I have been together for more than three years and I have to admit that I consider her to be my best friend. Which type of love is this?

A) hedonistic
B) companionate
C) romantic
D) friend

Question 38

The triangular theory of love does NOT include which of the following?

A) intimacy
B) passion
C) agreement
D) commitment

Question 39

It has been argued that love can be represented as a story and that the story reflects each person's expectations and beliefs about love. Which one of the following story types has been shown to predict greater success in a relationship?

A) gardening
B) traveling
C) horror
D) no one story is better than another

Question 40

Love may be, according to some, captured in the form of a story, whereby the story is a reflection of each person's expectations and beliefs about love. Which one of the following has been shown to predict greater success in a relationship?

A) Those instances when the couple has similar stories.
B) Those instances when the couple has vastly different stories.
C) Those instances when the couple has identical stories.
D) Those instances when the couple has distinctly different stories and yet have a moderate degree of overlap.

Question 41

The tactics that are used in selecting mates are referred to as:

A) enticement behaviors
B) sexual strategies
C) interpersonal methods
D) commitment devices

Question 42

According to the evolutionary perspective, the behaviors associated with love exist because:

A) they stem from our ancestors
B) they lead to reproductive success
C) they match the love story we use
D) they assess passion, intimacy, and commitment

Question 43

The evolutionary perspective argues that men should be sexually involved with as many women as possible because:

A) of the difficulty associated with passing on his genes and the survival of offspring
B) men have an innate need for change and a vastly superior sex drive
C) men can produce virtually an infinite number of offspring
D) it demonstrates his superior adaptive functioning as compared to females

Question 44

The evolutionary perspective argues that women should be choosier than men about their mating partner because:

A) of the need to protect offspring
B) women have an innate need for stability
C) it revolves around the need for survival
D) of the investment involved in bearing offspring

Question 45

According to the evolutionary perspective males and females adopt different sexual strategies because:

A) men and women generalize about evolutionary psychology
B) men are socially rewarded for promiscuity
C) males use different tactics in selecting mates
D) females have a greater investment involved in bearing offspring

Question 46

According to the evolutionary perspective, non-promiscuous women are preferred by men seeking:

A) a long-term relationship
B) alliances and resources
C) paternal certainty
D) all of the above

Question 47

According to the evolutionary perspective, men and women are motivated by the desire to have children. However, few college students are actively trying to get pregnant. The disconnect between the predictions of evolutionary psychology and actual behavior is most likely due to:

A) inaccurate predictions
B) varying sexual strategies for short term and long term relationships
C) varying levels of need to belong
D) the fact that we evolved to fit a world that existed tens of thousands of years ago

Question 48

In cross-cultural studies of male versus female priorities regarding reproductive success, 36 out of 37 cultures showed that females preferred:

A) younger males with greater reproductive potential
B) younger males of very good health
C) older males with sufficient resources
D) males of any age that demonstrate commitment

Question 49

In cross-cultural studies of male versus female priorities regarding reproductive success, 36 out of 37 cultures showed that males preferred:

A) attractive females
B) females providing stability and commitment
C) attractive and younger females with greater reproductive potential
D) females of any age that are attractive

Question 50

Which of the following does not support the evolutionary perspective about attraction?

A) married women having affairs
B) limiting family sizes despite available resources
C) homosexuality
D) all are problems for the evolutionary perspective

Question 51

According to the theory of evolutionary psychology, men prefer partners who are:

A) passionate
B) young and childlike
C) promiscuous
D) younger with greater reproductive potential

Question 52

According to the theory of evolutionary psychology, women prefer partners who are:

A) physically attractive
B) strong and childlike
C) promiscuous
D) older and with more resources

Question 53

Which is not a type of love discussed in your textbook?

A) passionate
B) companionate
C) romantic
D) all of the above were discussed

Question 54

I am talking to a student and she mentions how her boyfriend not only acts like her father but also bears a striking resemblance to him. This should not surprise me because it is in accordance with which theory of interpersonal attraction?

A) attachment theory
B) evolutionary perspective
C) biological perspective
D) familiarity

Question 55

Attachment theory proposes that people:

A) create mental models of current love relationships that are often idealized versions of the truth
B) pattern their love relationships on the mental models they constructed of earlier attachment relationships
C) shape their love relationships by adopting characteristics from the best (or better) aspects of past relationships
D) develop love relationships as a means for overcoming latent attachment deficiencies from childhood

Question 56

According to your textbook, attachment theory will be especially evident in adults when:

A) the individual experiences threatened egotism
B) the individual has low self-esteem
C) under stress
D) the individual seeks to reproduce

Question 57

According to attachment theorists, when under stress, securely attached individuals will:

A) respond independently; need support from their mates
B) give support to others; seek support from others
C) seek support from others; use distancing strategies
D) avoid extrinsic support; avoid support offered to them

Question 58

According to attachment theorists, when under stress avoidantly attached individuals are likely to:

A) need support from their mates.
B) seek support from others.
C) avoid support offered to them.
D) use distancing strategies.

Question 59

According to your textbook, love is perceived differently in different cultures. Which of the following statements is true of cross-cultural variations in love?

A) men are more likely to experience lose as an economic bond in most cultures
B) chinese culture emphasizes love as secondary to family obligations
C) in cultures with arranged marriages, the people do not experience passionate love
D) in most individualistic cultures, passionate love is a reason why a couple should not marry

Question 60

The link between infant and adult love is reflected in the Japanese term:

A) stultae
B) amae
C) doon chi
D) none of the above

Question 61

In Chinese culture, the term love refers to

A) a legitimate, socially sanctioned relationship
B) an illicit, shameful affair
C) "how one's heart feels"
D) "how others view one's relationship"

Question 62

According to the authors of your textbook, if you wanted to find the passionate, romantic love that exists in the movies, you should move to:

A) India
B) France
C) wherever there exists a hunting-gathering society
D) Italy

Question 63

Romantic love is very much a part of Western culture. It appears that this is so because it is:

A) innate
B) linked with religion
C) tied to individualism
D) all of the above

Question 64

Which of the following best represents why many people remain in an unhappy marriage?

A) Because they feel they have put a lot into it and that they cannot do any better.
B) Because they are afraid of being alone and have insecure attachments dating back to childhood.
C) Because they feel happy at least half of the time and are not sure if they will feel that way alone.
D) Because they think their partners are happy and wish to stay in the marriage.

Question 65

Based on what was presented in the textbook, research supports the idea that people decide to stay in relationships based on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) how much is invested in the relationship and what the alternatives look like
B) commitment to the relationship
C) relative costs and benefits
D) the degree of sexual attraction

Question 66

Based on what was presented in the textbook, research supports the idea that positive relationships involve:

A) knowing how to stop negative reciprocity
B) giving their partner the benefit of the doubt in difficult situations
C) thoughts on how to make the relationship better
D) all of the above

Question 67

Based on what was presented in the textbook, research supports the idea that people report greater satisfaction with and stay longer in relationships if they can maintain:

A) negative reciprocity
B) a clear and accurate idea of their partners' strengths and weaknesses
C) empathy for their partner's faults
D) positive illusions about their partner

Question 68

When is a couple likely to be the happiest?

A) When both partners are completely honest with each other about how they feel.
B) When one partner carries the majority of the emotional weight of the relationship.
C) When both partners perceive each other in a somewhat idealized way.
D) When arguments or conflict occur infrequently.

Question 69

Data suggest that, on an average day, our partners are going to annoy ____ of us.

A) 5%
B) 23%
C) 44%
D) 76%

Question 70

The authors of your textbook state that we are meaner to our intimate partners than anyone else. Which one of the following is NOT a reason for why we are that way?

A) We can be our true or real self when with our romantic partners.
B) Probability of ostracism increases with the duration of relationship.
C) Pet peeves, over time, damage the relationship.
D) Positive illusions that existed at the beginning to the relationship have been dulled.

Question 71

I said something I should not have said and now my girlfriend won't talk to me. In psychological terms, I am being:

A) ostracized
B) relocated to the out-group
C) given temporary inclusionary status
D) relationally dejected

Question 72

According to the data by Mark Leary cited in your book, much of people's behavior within relationships is motivated by:

A) the fear of being ostracized
B) the individual's level of self-esteem
C) a appreciation of physical attractiveness
D) the desire to be close to another person similar to oneself

Question 73

The individual who was ostracized at West Point and eventually became a four star general was:

A) Chi McBride
B) Benjamin Davis
C) Maynard Ferguson
D) Gordon McQuere

Question 74

The study in which three individuals sat in a room and threw a ball back and forth, and where one of the individuals (the actual subject) was eventually excluded from the toss, was an investigation into the effects of:

A) ostracism
B) relocation to an out-group
C) temporary inclusionary status
D) relational dejection

Question 75

The doctrine that all behavior, no matter how apparently altruistic, is designed to increase one's own pleasure or reduce one's own pain is called:

A) self-gratification.
B) ego-focus.
C) ethical hedonism.
D) ego-directed altruism.

Question 76

Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is known as:

A) selfless gratification
B) ego protection
C) ethical hedonism
D) altruism

Question 77

I hold the door for other people, both males and females, because it makes me feel good. I teach in a very relaxed manner because I like it when students speak freely. I call my mom every weekend because talking to her relaxes me. All of these support the notion of:

A) self-gratification
B) ego-focus
C) ethical hedonism
D) ego-directed altruism

Question 78

I put a lot of time into my personal relationships. I spent all last weekend helping my friend move into a new apartment, with no apparent gain to myself. Privately, I know that the friend now owes me a big favor and will be glad to help me in the future to reciprocate. This is an example of:

A) self-gratification.
B) learned helpfulness.
C) ethical hedonism.
D) ego satisfaction.

Question 79

Which of the following is a selfish reason for why people behave in an apparent selfless manner?

A) Behaving altruistically can increase positive emotions and/or diminish negative ones.
B) Altruism yields social and material rewards.
C) Empathic distress is the motive.
D) All of the above are considered reasons for why people apparently behave altruistically.

Question 80

Masserman et al. (1964) conducted a study whereby a monkey learned that, if he pulled a chain, he would get food and the monkey in the adjacent cage would be shocked. What did the monkey do once it learned chain pulling, food, and shock were all associated?

A) Nothing; the frequency of chain pulling was unchanged.
B) It pulled the chain, on average, just once a day.
C) It pulled the chain and split the food with the adjacent monkey.
D) It stopped pulling the chain and thus voluntarily starved itself.