Deck 2: Theories of Development

Question 1

____________are used by developmental scientists to create hypotheses and identify variables to be studied.

A) Parental suggestions
B) Educated guesses
C) Theories
D) Opinions

Answer 1

Theories

Question 2

____________is the founder of the psychoanalytic tradition.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) John Watson
D) Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud

Question 3

According to traditional psychoanalytic theory, development occurs because of

A) the conflict between internal desires and emotions.
B) maturation.
C) social conditions.
D) parental demands.

Answer 3

the conflict between internal desires and emotions.

Question 4

According to Freud, both conscious and unconscious factors control a person's behavior. This is a problem for behaviorists as unconscious factors are

A) internal.
B) primary.
C) impulses.
D) not observable.

Question 5

The____________ is the part of the personality where the basic biological needs and sex and aggressive impulses are present.

A) conscious
B) id
C) ego
D) superego

Question 6

Cookie Monster is a good example of the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) unconscious.

Question 7

Id is to ego as____________ is to____________

A) thinking; moral.
B) demand; reality.
C) moral; impulse.
D) impulse; demand.

Question 8

The part of the personality that judges if a behavior is socially acceptable is the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) repressed memory.

Question 9

Based upon his case studies, Freud hypothesized ____________stages of development.

A) two
B) three
C) Four
D) five

Question 10

One of the main components of Freud's theories is his concept of stages. Therefore, Freud would agree with the____________ of development.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) innate goodness theory
D) ecological theory

Question 11

Jane is 10 years old. She sucks her thumb at home, on the school bus, and when she is in class.According to Freud, this is an example of

A) the phallic stage.
B) the genital stage.
C) repressed memory.
D) fixation.

Question 12

One of the major criticisms of Freud's psychosexual theory is that it is based on

A) patient's memories.
B) extensive laboratory observation.
C) experiments.
D) cross-cultural comparisons.

Question 13

Freud is to____________ as Erikson is to____________

A) theory; hypothesis.
B) trust; oral.
C) crises; stages.
D) sexual; social.

Question 14

Although Erikson agreed with Freud about the importance of internal impulses, Erikson differed with Freud concerning the importance of____________ factors.

A) parental
B) cultural
C) unconscious
D) maturational

Question 15

LaToya is 3-years old. She wanted to dress herself for preschool this morning. She selected a checked blouse and plaid pants. Her 12 year old sister laughed at her and told her to take them off because they did not match. According to Erikson, this would not be healthy for the development of

A) autonomy.
B) initiative.
C) industry.
D) identity.

Question 16

By the end of the first year, Erikson believed that due to consistent and positive care giving, the child will have developed

A) independence.
B) loyalty.
C) trust.
D) purpose.

Question 17

Jonah asked to shadow a local newspaper reporter. According to Erikson, Jonah is most likely in the____________ Crisis.

A) Initiative versus Guilt
B) Industry versus Inferiority
C) Identity versus Role Confusion
D) Intimacy versus Isolation

Question 18

According to Erikson, there are two major tasks to be accomplished during the adolescent years. These are

A) sexual and occupational identities.
B) sexual and relationship identities.
C) identification with same-sex parent and occupational identity.
D) relationship and occupational identities.

Question 19

One of the major contributions of Erikson's psychosocial theory is that it is

A) a life-span approach.
B) opposed to Freudian Theory.
C) emphasizes the sexual factors.
D) denies the importance of unconscious factors.

Question 20

One of the most important contributions of the psychoanalytic theories is that they recognized the importance of

A) the quantitative nature of development.
B) the changing relationships of caregivers and children.
C) concrete definitions.
D) experimental evidence.

Question 21

Both Freud's and Erikson's theories have been cumulative theories. This means that later stages and crises build on the previous ones. Therefore, in both of these theories which of the following is critical?

A) Sexual identity
B) Good schooling
C) Ego integrity
D) Early infant and childhood experiences

Question 22

The repeated association of a neutral stimulus with one that naturally produces a reflexive response that results in a new association is called

A) associationism.
B) classical conditioning.
C) positive learning.
D) incidental learning.

Question 23

Every time 2-month-old Alberto's mother gives him a bottle, she smiles and sings him a song. If classical conditioning is correct, Alberto should soon start sucking

A) whenever his mother says his name.
B) only when the bottle's nipple is placed in his mouth.
C) when his mother smiles at him.
D) when his mother smiles and places the bottle's nipple into his mouth

Question 24

Although Watson has been called an extreme advocate of John Locke's "blank slate theory" his request for "… a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, …" indicates that he did acknowledge

A) biological processes.
B) classical conditioning.
C) internal impulses.
D) the libido.

Question 25

Watson conditioned a phobia in "Little Albert" to demonstrate that development can be attributed solely to learned associations between stimuli and responses. Thus, Watson can be seen to agree with the of development.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) emergence
D) Inborn biases

Question 26

In the case of "little Albert," the white rat was the

A) problem.
B) reflexive stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 27

After Watson conditioned "Little Albert" to the white rat, he found that "Little Albert" also demonstrated fear responses to other white and furry objects. This phenomenon is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) systematic
C) associationism.
D) generalization.

Question 28

According to the APA's ethical standards that guide human research practices, Watson could not conduct the "Little Albert" project today. Which of the following standards does Watson fail to meet?

A) Confidentiality
B) Deception
C) Protection from harm
D) Use of animals with children

Question 29

According to Skinner, an organism's increase or decrease of a behavior is due to both stimuli and

A) conditioned responses.
B) neutral responses.
C) inborn biases.
D) consequences.

Question 30

Reinforcement ____________the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring again in the future.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) conditions
D) eliminates

Question 31

An example of a negative reinforcement is

A) time out.
B) increase in allowance.
C) elimination of tonight's homework.
D) a scolding.

Question 32

According to Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory, a decrease in unwanted behavior can be accomplished through

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) classical conditioning.
D) punishment.

Question 33

Maura went to kindergarten for the first time this week. She travels to school on the bus with children of many different ages. On Friday, Maura responded to her father's request with an unacceptable word. Her father was horrified and was ready to punish Maura. Maura's grandmother, however, stopped him and whispered in his ear "Just ignore it and it will go away." Maura's grandmother's advice is an example of which of the following operant conditioning principles?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Generalization

Question 34

Sandra is watching some of her classmates on the play ground. They have become rowdy and are hitting each other with the jump ropes. The recess monitor intervenes and the children are placed into time-out as Sandra watches. The next day when the jump ropes are distributed at recess, Sandra is careful to use them to jump. This is an example of

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) the ego.
D) observational learning.

Question 35

Bandura's social-cognitive theory is an advancement over both classical and operant conditioning in explaining development in that social-cognitive theory includes

A) more control over extraneous variables.
B) a qualitative component.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) cognitive and emotional factors.

Question 36

One of the major strengths of the learning theories is that they provide a model for

A) studying age-related changes.
B) explanations for development.
C) explaining inborn biases.
D) behavioral change.

Question 37

One of the insights that guided Piaget is that developmental sequences are

A) due to operant conditioning.
B) learned.
C) universal.
D) acquired.

Question 38

Leroy wants to decrease the amount of soda his 3-year-old son drinks. He remembers Piaget from his developmental science class from college and devises a scheme. He decides to

A) forbid his son from drinking soda.
B) reinforce his son for drinking more water.
C) model for his son by drinking more water himself.
D) pour the soda into a tall thin glass.

Question 39

According to Piaget, the early schemes are part of which domain of development?

A) Physical
B) Cognitive
C) Socioemotional
D) Maturational

Question 40

According to Piaget, children are born with a sucking reflex. This reflex must be adapted to the environment for the child to gain nutrition. Shortly after birth when presented with a bottle the child attempts to suck with the in-born sucking reflex. According to Piaget, this is an example of which of the following processes?

A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
C) Equilibration
D) Modeling

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of accommodation?

A) Review sheets
B) Improving one's time in the math review
C) Repeating this week's spelling words
D) Revising the ending to a book

Question 42

Piaget hypothesized four stages of development. Therefore, it can be concluded that he agreed with the____________ of development.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) innate goodness theory
D) learning

Question 43

In this Piagetian stage, children begin to employ symbols.

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational

Question 44

Josie and Allie have been discussing with each other the possibility of parallel universes,To which they were introduced to in their science class today. Josie entertains the possibility of the idea by stating "what if"; Allie states "No way. That's a crazy idea. I never heard of it before today." Josie is in Piaget's____________ stage; Allie is in Piaget's ____________stage.

A) preoperational; formal
B) formal; concrete
C) concrete; formal
D) preoperational; concrete

Question 45

Conservation is one of the major operations achieved in the____________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 46

Research has supported Piaget's contention that the sequence of the stages

A) is fixed although rates differ.
B) varies but the rates are fixed.
C) depends on the individual child and the rate is fixed.
D) is approximate and depends on the individual.

Question 47

According to Piaget the important agent in cognitive development is ____________; while for Vygotsky it is____________ .

A) the individual child; social interactions
B) the teacher; peer-interaction
C) the individual child; maturation
D) society; maturation

Question 48

Vygotsky proposed that children learn best when assisted by others. This assistance can take the form of hints, modeling, and questioning. Vygotsky labeled this assistance

A) discovery.
B) mnemonics.
C) sociocultural agents.
D) scaffolding.

Question 49

In the preschool program at the YWCA, the teachers designed a café for the children to learn a number of math concepts. The children were encouraged to assume roles as waiter, diner, cashier, chef, etc. Simulated food, a working cash register, menus, and clothing were all provided. Which of the following theorists would be most appreciative of this activity?

A) Watson
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Pavlov

Question 50

Vygotsky's theory is an excellent example of how the different domains of development interact. Which of the following two domains are integral to Vygotsky's theory?

A) Physical, cognitive
B) Cognitive, socioemotional
C) Physical, socioemotional
D) Cognitive, maturational

Question 51

Neo-Piagetian theorists argue that older children demonstrate more advanced problem solving capabilities than younger children because older children have greater short-term memory capabilities. Therefore, these theorists would support the____________ theory of development.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) stage
D) emergence

Question 52

Which of the following is the best analogy for the model employed by the information- processing theory?

A) A hierarchical pyramid
B) A circle
C) A histogram
D) A flow chart

Question 53

____________is the main area of research of the information processing theorists.

A) Peer interaction
B) Memory
C) Social agents
D) Discovery learning

Question 54

Another term for short-term memory is

A) working memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) conditioned memory.

Question 55

One of the most important aspects of Piaget's theory is that the research to support his ideas is

A) best explained by learning theories.
B) old as Piaget did his research beginning in 1920.
C) comparable to conditioning.
D) cross-cultural and universal.

Question 56

The field of behavioral genetics studies the effects of heredity on

A) individual differences.
B) age-related behaviors.
C) universal characteristics.
D) stage-related changes

Question 57

According to research by Posthuma, deGeus, & Boomsma, 2003, early IQ scores are due to both genetic and environmental influences. However, their findings based on longitudinal data indicates that ____________may have more life-long influence.

A) the environment
B) genetics
C) both genetics and the environment
D) first genetics, then the environment

Question 58

Jamie runs into the nursery room whenever she hears her 1-month-old cry. According to the ethologists, both of these behaviors have been shaped by the environment because they are necessary for

A) accommodation.
B) cognitive development.
C) survival.
D) individual differences.

Question 59

The theory of ethology stresses the importance of ____________in adaptation to the environment.

A) evolution
B) learning
C) memory
D) quantitative changes

Question 60

Ethologists are interested in how humans and animals adapt to their environment. Therefore, their preferred method of research should be which of the following?

A) Case study
B) Experiment
C) Naturalistic observation
D) Laboratory observation

Question 61

The study of how genetic programming leads to universal codes of behavior which enable survival is

A) ethology.
B) sociobiology.
C) information processing.
D) sociocultural theory.

Question 62

One of the major criticisms of the ethology and sociobiology theories is that they

A) deemphasize genetic factors.
B) employ biological models.
C) employ experimental methods.
D) deemphasize environmental factors.

Question 63

The approach hypothesized by Urie Bronbenbrenner which emphasizes the individual and their relationship to many interrelated environments is called

A) ethology.
B) sociobiology.
C) classical Conditioning.
D) bioecological theory.

Question 64

Bronfenbrenner's outermost context is the macrosystem. An example of the macrosystem is

A) parents.
B) inborn biases.
C) TV.
D) democracy.

Question 65

Geena has been failing asleep in class on a regular basis. Most of the time her homework is not completed, and she frequently comes to school during the winter with no coat or gloves. The school authorities contact social services. They investigate. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's contexts?

A) Macrosystem
B) Exosystem
C) Mesosystem
D) Microsystem

Question 66

Since its inception, Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory has generated considerable research.One reason for this is due to the theory's focus on the

A) interrelatedness of developmental contexts.
B) child's temperament.
C) genetic variables.
D) physical domain.

Question 67

Sociobiology is to____________ as bioecological theory is to .

A) genetics; biology
B) genetics; inborn biases
C) biology; maturation
D) genetics; environment

Question 68

Which of the following theorists agrees with the discontinuity of development?

A) Bandura
B) Watson
C) Erikson
D) Skinner

Question 69

Which one of the following theories considers nature to be a more contributing factor than nurture?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Sociocultural
C) Information-processing
D) Psychosexual

Question 70

In response to the question concerning the role of the individual in the developmental process, psychosexual theory is to ____________as sociocultural theory is to____________ .

A) passive; active
B) active; instigates
C) instigates; determines
D) active; passive

Question 71

Rather than adhere to any one theory of age-related change, most contemporary developmental researchers employ a(n) ____________approach.

A) continuity
B) passive
C) eclectic
D) cultural

Question 72

Erikson was most interested in which of the following domains?

A) Physical
B) Cognitive
C) Socioemotional
D) Maturational

Question 73

One of the main advantages to the developmental theories of Freud and Piaget is the

A) use of experimental evidence.
B) emphasis on the passive role of the individual.
C) focus on the environment.
D) degree to which they stimulate thinking and research.

Question 74

___________ is the term Freud employed for the unconscious drive for pleasure.

Question 75

According to Freud, when the ego satisfies the impulses of the id but also violates the morals of the superego, the ego becomes stressed. In order to protect itself, the ego employs____________ to reduce the anxiety level.

Question 76

__________ occurs in the phallic stage when according to Freud the child has a sexual attraction to his or her opposite-sex parent.

Question 77

Erikson proposed that the most important socializing agent was________ in the industry versus inferiority crisis.

Question 78

________ was an early theorist who advocated that environmental influences were the cause of behavioral change.

Question 79

According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory,________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced.

Question 80

________ is a rephrasing of the operant conditioning principle of the advice frequently given to both parents and teachers to "catch children engaging in correct behavior."