Question 1

According to Skinner, an organism's increase or decrease of a behavior is due to both stimuli and

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  neutral responses. 
C)  inborn biases. 
D)  consequences. 
A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  neutral responses. 
C)  inborn biases. 
D)  consequences. D

Question 2

In response to the question concerning the role of the individual in the developmental process, psychosexual theory is to ____________as sociocultural theory is to____________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  passive; active 
B)  active; instigates 
C)  instigates; determines 
D)  active; passive 
A)  passive; active 
B)  active; instigates 
C)  instigates; determines 
D)  active; passive A

Question 3

Vygotsky stated that cognitive development occurs as a result of the child interacting with the social environment. Children acquire more knowledge and concrete skills via direct teaching and discovery activities. Of major importance to Vygotsky's theory are the concepts of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development. Define each of these concepts. How would the information processing theory explain the phenomena of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding - providing hints, cues and other assistance to aid child in learning a task; telling a child the target word rhymes with .
Zone of proximal development - based on capabilities of individual children; zone is what child can do on own; what can do with assistance; and accomplishing task on own. What the child can do with assistance will vary as to where child is at beginning of instruction and complexity of task.
Information processing theory - focuses on individual child; scaffolding task, will be both age-related and tailored to individual child; zone will depend on working memory capabilities.

Question 4

Research has supported Piaget's contention that the sequence of the stages

Accepted Answer

A)  is fixed although rates differ. 
B)  varies but the rates are fixed. 
C)  depends on the individual child and the rate is fixed. 
D)  is approximate and depends on the individual. 
A)  is fixed although rates differ. 
B)  varies but the rates are fixed. 
C)  depends on the individual child and the rate is fixed. 
D)  is approximate and depends on the individual.

Question 5

Vygotsky stated that each child's________ must be considered in order for scaffolding to be effective.

Accepted Answer

zone of pr

Question 6

Present Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. For each stage present a major acquisition in thought processes and the approximate ages. What are two criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor - physical senses are impor

Question 7

Another term for short-term memory is

Accepted Answer

A)  working memory. 
B)  sensory memory. 
C)  long-term memory. 
D)  conditioned memory. 
A)  working memory. 
B)  sensory memory. 
C)  long-term memory. 
D)  conditioned memory.

Question 8

LaToya is 3-years old. She wanted to dress herself for preschool this morning. She selected a checked blouse and plaid pants. Her 12 year old sister laughed at her and told her to take them off because they did not match. According to Erikson, this would not be healthy for the development of

Accepted Answer

A)  autonomy. 
B)  initiative. 
C)  industry. 
D)  identity. 
A)  autonomy. 
B)  initiative. 
C)  industry. 
D)  identity.

Question 9

Erikson was most interested in which of the following domains?

Accepted Answer

A)  Physical 
B)  Cognitive 
C)  Socioemotional 
D)  Maturational 
A)  Physical 
B)  Cognitive 
C)  Socioemotional 
D)  Maturational

Question 10

According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory,________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory,________ occurs...

Question 11

According to Erikson, there are two major tasks to be accomplished during the adolescent years. These are

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual and occupational identities. 
B)  sexual and relationship identities. 
C)  identification with same-sex parent and occupational identity. 
D)  relationship and occupational identities. 
A)  sexual and occupational identities. 
B)  sexual and relationship identities. 
C)  identification with same-sex parent and occupational identity. 
D)  relationship and occupational identities.

Question 12

After Watson conditioned "Little Albert" to the white rat, he found that "Little Albert" also demonstrated fear responses to other white and furry objects. This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  systematic 
C)  associationism. 
D)  generalization. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  systematic 
C)  associationism. 
D)  generalization.

Question 13

By the end of the first year, Erikson believed that due to consistent and positive care giving, the child will have developed

Accepted Answer

A)  independence. 
B)  loyalty. 
C)  trust. 
D)  purpose. 
A)  independence. 
B)  loyalty. 
C)  trust. 
D)  purpose.

Question 14

According to Freud, when the ego satisfies the impulses of the id but also violates the morals of the superego, the ego becomes stressed. In order to protect itself, the ego employs____________ to reduce the anxiety level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Freud, when the ego satisfies...

Question 15

The repeated association of a neutral stimulus with one that naturally produces a reflexive response that results in a new association is called

Accepted Answer

A)  associationism. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  positive learning. 
D)  incidental learning. 
A)  associationism. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  positive learning. 
D)  incidental learning.

Question 16

The theory of ethology stresses the importance of ____________in adaptation to the environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  evolution 
B)  learning 
C)  memory 
D)  quantitative changes 
A)  evolution 
B)  learning 
C)  memory 
D)  quantitative changes

Question 17

The____________ is the part of the personality where the basic biological needs and sex and aggressive impulses are present.

Accepted Answer

A)  conscious 
B)  id 
C)  ego 
D)  superego 
A)  conscious 
B)  id 
C)  ego 
D)  superego

Question 18

According to Freud, both conscious and unconscious factors control a person's behavior. This is a problem for behaviorists as unconscious factors are

Accepted Answer

A)  internal. 
B)  primary. 
C)  impulses. 
D)  not observable. 
A)  internal. 
B)  primary. 
C)  impulses. 
D)  not observable.

Question 19

In the concrete operational stage, the child demonstrates ________ , which is the ability to understand that irrelevant transformations, for example changes only in color, shape, spacing, and glass size, do not change the relevant variables of amount, number, length, and volume.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the concrete operational stage, the child...

Question 20

__________ is the Piagetian stage that begins in adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ is the Piagetian stage that begins...

According to Skinner, an organism's increase or decrease of a behavior is due to both stimuli and

In response to the question concerning the role of the individual in the developmental process, psychosexual theory is to as sociocultural theory is to .

Research has supported Piaget's contention that the sequence of the stages

Vygotsky stated that each child's________ must be considered in order for scaffolding to be effective.

Present Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. For each stage present a major acquisition in thought processes and the approximate ages. What are two criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Another term for short-term memory is

LaToya is 3-years old. She wanted to dress herself for preschool this morning. She selected a checked blouse and plaid pants. Her 12 year old sister laughed at her and told her to take them off because they did not match. According to Erikson, this would not be healthy for the development of

Erikson was most interested in which of the following domains?

According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory,________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced.

According to Erikson, there are two major tasks to be accomplished during the adolescent years. These are

After Watson conditioned "Little Albert" to the white rat, he found that "Little Albert" also demonstrated fear responses to other white and furry objects. This phenomenon is called

By the end of the first year, Erikson believed that due to consistent and positive care giving, the child will have developed

According to Freud, when the ego satisfies the impulses of the id but also violates the morals of the superego, the ego becomes stressed. In order to protect itself, the ego employs____________ to reduce the anxiety level.

The repeated association of a neutral stimulus with one that naturally produces a reflexive response that results in a new association is called

The theory of ethology stresses the importance of ____________in adaptation to the environment.

The____________ is the part of the personality where the basic biological needs and sex and aggressive impulses are present.

According to Freud, both conscious and unconscious factors control a person's behavior. This is a problem for behaviorists as unconscious factors are

In the concrete operational stage, the child demonstrates ________ , which is the ability to understand that irrelevant transformations, for example changes only in color, shape, spacing, and glass size, do not change the relevant variables of amount, number, length, and volume.

__________ is the Piagetian stage that begins in adolescence.

Basic Concepts and Methods

Prenatal Development and Birth

Physical Development and Health in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Social and Personality Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Filters

Exam 2: Theories of Development

According to Skinner, an organism's increase or decrease of a behavior is due to both stimuli and

In response to the question concerning the role of the individual in the developmental process, psychosexual theory is to ____________as sociocultural theory is to____________ .

Research has supported Piaget's contention that the sequence of the stages

Vygotsky stated that each child's________ must be considered in order for scaffolding to be effective.

Present Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. For each stage present a major acquisition in thought processes and the approximate ages. What are two criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Another term for short-term memory is

LaToya is 3-years old. She wanted to dress herself for preschool this morning. She selected a checked blouse and plaid pants. Her 12 year old sister laughed at her and told her to take them off because they did not match. According to Erikson, this would not be healthy for the development of

Erikson was most interested in which of the following domains?

According to Skinner's operant conditioning theory,________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced.

According to Erikson, there are two major tasks to be accomplished during the adolescent years. These are

After Watson conditioned "Little Albert" to the white rat, he found that "Little Albert" also demonstrated fear responses to other white and furry objects. This phenomenon is called

By the end of the first year, Erikson believed that due to consistent and positive care giving, the child will have developed

According to Freud, when the ego satisfies the impulses of the id but also violates the morals of the superego, the ego becomes stressed. In order to protect itself, the ego employs____________ to reduce the anxiety level.

The repeated association of a neutral stimulus with one that naturally produces a reflexive response that results in a new association is called

The theory of ethology stresses the importance of ____________in adaptation to the environment.

The____________ is the part of the personality where the basic biological needs and sex and aggressive impulses are present.

According to Freud, both conscious and unconscious factors control a person's behavior. This is a problem for behaviorists as unconscious factors are

In the concrete operational stage, the child demonstrates ________ , which is the ability to understand that irrelevant transformations, for example changes only in color, shape, spacing, and glass size, do not change the relevant variables of amount, number, length, and volume.

__________ is the Piagetian stage that begins in adolescence.

Basic Concepts and Methods

Prenatal Development and Birth

Physical Development and Health in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Social and Personality Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Filters

In response to the question concerning the role of the individual in the developmental process, psychosexual theory is to as sociocultural theory is to .