Deck 15: Understanding and Achieving Behavior Change

Question 1

The belief that one can make a behavior change is known self-efficacy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Behavior change theories provide evidence-based methods that are not empirically tested.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The stages of change theory assumes that individuals will pass through each stage in a linear fashion.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The health belief model was developed as a way to explain why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease.

Question 5

Frequently,practitioners incorporate concepts from more than one theory into an intervention design.

Question 6

The subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior.

Question 7

Self-efficacy is the determination to act in a certain way.

Question 8

In motivational interviewing,the counselor takes the lead in the counseling session with the client answering questions.

Question 9

An intervention is a health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target population.

Question 10

The diffusion of innovation theory addresses the process by which people adopt new ideas and behaviors.

Question 11

Knowing the factors that affect consumers' food choices tells us how consumers make their decisions.

Question 12

The stages of change theory can only be applied at the individual level and is not appropriate for community-based interventions.

Question 13

Nutrition counseling is usually conducted one-on-one,whereas nutrition education,by definition,cannot be conducted in this manner.

Question 14

The cognitive-behavioral theory is highly process oriented and goal directed.

Question 15

Motivational interviewing targets changes in attitudes and beliefs.

Question 16

The "Got Milk?" campaign is an excellent example of a program that utilized the social learning theory.

Question 17

The transtheoretical model describes an individual's readiness for change.

Question 18

The incorporation of behavior change theories in program planning isn't critical to the nutrition care process.

Question 19

In social cognitive theory,the environment is simply the physical realm (the workplace,the layout of the kitchen,etc.).

Question 20

The cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are actively ready to make a change.

Question 21

Of the following,which one does not promote self-efficacy?

A) Health belief model
B) Diffusion of innovation model
C) Theory of trying
D) Motivational interviewing

Question 22

The belief that one can make a behavior change is known as

A) behavioral capacity.
B) expectations.
C) self-efficacy.
D) a subjective norm.

Question 23

According to the stages of change model,behavior change involves all of the following steps except

A) precontemplation.
B) denial.
C) contemplation.
D) maintenance.

Question 24

The transtheoretical model was developed by

A) Bandura.
B) Prochaska and DiClemente.
C) Skinner.
D) Pavlov.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is false regarding the stages of change model?

A) It has five distinct stages of varying degrees of readiness to change.
B) People progress through the changes in a linear fashion.
C) This model can be applied at both the individual and community levels.
D) An individual's stage for a specific behavior can quickly be determined.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the stages of change model?

A) Behavior change involves a series of different steps.
B) Each behavior change involves similar steps during the change process.
C) Interventions should be tailored to an individual's assessed level of readiness to change.
D) Relapse is a necessity in order for a behavior to truly be changed.

Question 27

The health belief model

A) is of limited value for primary prevention activities.
B) is applicable only to a select, limited number of health behaviors.
C) cannot be utilized until a program is in its implementation phase.
D) is only applicable for programs designed for individuals and not communities.

Question 28

The diffusion of innovation model attempts to explain how a product or idea becomes acceptable to consumers.

Question 29

According to the health belief model,people will follow health recommendations if they are motivated and if they believe that

A) they are susceptible to the illness.
B) the illness will have a serious impact on their lives.
C) following a particular set of health behaviors will be helpful.
D) they can successfully execute the behavior to produce the desired outcome.
E) All of the above

Question 30

An innovator perceives himself as popular and financially privileged.

Question 31

The health belief model is based in part on an individual's

A) intentions to behave.
B) perceptions of threats.
C) past attempts at trying.
D) self-actualization needs.

Question 32

Which intervention strategies would be most appropriate for an individual with hypertension who is in the preparation stage?

A) Attending a health fair to learn more about the etiology of hypertension
B) Acknowledging that he has hypertension
C) Joining a support group at the local hospital
D) Actively preparing foods that are lower in salt and sodium

Question 33

Which of the following theories is also referred to as the transtheoretical model?

A) Diffusion of innovation model
B) Stages of change model
C) Theory of reasoned action
D) Health belief model

Question 34

Which of the following theories includes early adopters and laggards?

A) Diffusion of innovation model
B) Health belief model
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Social learning theory

Question 35

_____ is a formal process to impart knowledge to a group or individual to facilitate voluntary adoption of eating to improve or maintain health.

A) Motivational counseling
B) Nutrition counseling
C) Nutrition education
D) Social marketing

Question 36

Which of the following theories is also referred to as the theory of planned behavior?

A) Diffusion of innovation model
B) Health belief model
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Theory of reasoned action

Question 37

The focus of the _____ is that people and their environment interact continuously with each influencing the other.

A) health belief model
B) stages of change model
C) social cognitive theory
D) theory of trying

Question 38

Which theory of consumer health behavior was developed by social psychologists as a means of explaining why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease?

A) Theory of reasoned action
B) Social learning theory
C) Health belief model
D) Theory of trying

Question 39

When a counselor utilizes motivational interviewing,the promotion of self-efficacy

A) helps the counselor to listen with empathy.
B) empowers the client by encouraging hope and optimism.
C) is used only in the final stages of the intervention strategy.
D) is not widely utilized.

Question 40

Motivational interviewing

A) is a counselor-focused technique utilized by many health educators.
B) was developed by dietitians to determine why consumers don't eat more healthful diets.
C) is designed to help clients build commitment and reach a decision to change.
D) promotes relapse as a way to grow and mature.

Question 41

The _____ comprise the first category of people to adopt an innovation.

A) early adopters
B) innovators
C) early majority
D) laggards

Question 42

The statement "Overeating at holidays is triggered by many food advertisements,in-store displays,and party buffets that people encounter" is an example of which of the following theories?

A) Health belief model
B) Diffusion of innovation theory
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Theory of reasoned action

Question 43

Select one of the stages within the transtheoretical model and describe three intervention strategies that could be incorporated into a nutrition education session.

Question 44

The cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are

A) not ready to make a change.
B) almost ready to make a change.
C) actively ready to make a change.
D) already changing the targeted behavior.

Question 45

Within the social cognitive theory,approaching behavior change in small steps that enhance the person's self-confidence is an implication of the concept of

A) expectations.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcements.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 46

According to the diffusion of innovation theory,the stages that an individual passes through in adopting a new behavior include all of the following except

A) knowledge.
B) persuasion.
C) confirmation.
D) preparation.

Question 47

What are the stages in the stages of change model? Apply this theory to dieting for weight loss.

Question 48

Albert Bandura is most frequently associated with the

A) diffusion of innovation model.
B) health belief model.
C) social cognitive theory.
D) stages of change model.

Question 49

According to the theory of planned behavior,if a pregnant adolescent views breastfeeding as good for her unborn child,as do her peers,then her motivation or intention to breastfeed upon delivery is _____.

A) lessened
B) heightened
C) not influenced by these factors

Question 50

A person's _____ influences his/her subjective norms.

A) peer base
B) family
C) inner value system
D) All of these influence subjective norms

Question 51

Within the cognitive-behavioral theory,the use of positive self-talk is an example of

A) goal setting.
B) problem solving.
C) stimulus control.
D) cognitive restructuring.

Question 52

In which of the following categories are opinion leaders often found?

A) Early adopters
B) Early majority
C) Late majority
D) Innovators

Question 53

Within the social cognitive theory,including credible role models of the targeted behavior is an implication of the concept of

A) expectations.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcements.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 54

Within the social cognitive theory,responses to a person's behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of recurrence are called

A) expectations.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcements.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 55

Rogers and Shoemaker are most frequently associated with which of the theories below?

A) Diffusion of innovation model
B) Health belief model
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Stages of change model

Question 56

A strength of social cognitive theory is that it focuses on

A) target behaviors.
B) attitudes.
C) knowledge.
D) skills.

Question 57

The process of testing and assessing certain elements of a program before it is implemented fully is called _____ evaluation.

A) outcome
B) input
C) formative
D) strategic

Question 58

Within the social cognitive theory,a person's beliefs about the likely outcomes or results of a behavior are called

A) expectations.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcements.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 59

Which of the following theories prescribes to the philosophy that behaviors are determined by a person's intentions to behave in certain ways,but are influenced by past experiences with behaviors?

A) Diffusion of innovation
B) Stages of change
C) Theory of reasoned action
D) Theory of trying

Question 60

Compare and contrast intentions and subjective norms as defined within the theory of planned behavior.

Question 61

What are some of the strategies utilized within the cognitive-behavioral theory?

Question 62

What are basic stages of the diffusion of innovation model? Apply this model to a current nutritional dilemma.

Question 63

Briefly describe the four general principles that guide motivational interviewing.

Question 64

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items. As a community nutritionist and a cancer survivor, you have been contacted by a local women's club to present a motivational and educational seminar on healthful eating for cancer prevention.
If you were to include the stages of change model,how might you determine the stage of readiness the women are in?

Question 65

Based on the health belief model,discuss three factors that influence an individual's intention to change a health behavior.

Question 66

Within the theory of planned behavior,how are attitudes determined?

Question 67

Describe and contrast three of the theories of consumer health behavior.

Question 68

Describe how a community nutritionist might use each of the following social cognitive theory concepts in classes designed to teach the principles of the USDA's "MyPlate" diet planning recommendations (see http://www.choosemyplate.gov/).
a.Environment
b.Behavioral capability
c.Expectations
d.Self-efficacy

Question 69

Intentions and subjective norms help to define the theory of planned behavior.What are intentions and subjective norms? Provide an example of how they might be used to predict a future nutritional behavior.

Question 70

List in order the five stages of the stages of change theory.

Question 71

Apply the theory of reasoned action to a pregnant mother deciding on whether or not to breastfeed her newborn infant.

Question 72

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items. As a community nutritionist and a cancer survivor, you have been contacted by a local women's club to present a motivational and educational seminar on healthful eating for cancer prevention.
How might the concept of self-efficacy factor into your presentation?

Question 73

Define motivational interviewing.How is it a useful practice in community nutrition?

Question 74

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items. As a community nutritionist and a cancer survivor, you have been contacted by a local women's club to present a motivational and educational seminar on healthful eating for cancer prevention.
Draft a goal and two objectives for your seminar.

Question 75

Use the following case scenario to answer short answer items. As a community nutritionist and a cancer survivor, you have been contacted by a local women's club to present a motivational and educational seminar on healthful eating for cancer prevention.
Select one of the theories or models presented in this chapter and apply it to your proposed seminar.

Question 76

What is reciprocal determinism?