Deck 19: Clearing the Air: Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

Question 1

True or false: The emerging and scientific consensus about "secondhand smoke" supports the conclusion that while airborne particles emitted by the lit end of cigarettes pose a health risk to those who are exposed, the gases released by a cigarette are relatively harmless.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system?

A) Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange.
B) Alveoli are circular in structure, which is ideal for maximal gas exchange.
C) Because alveoli have thinner walls, gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated.
D) The grape-like shape of alveoli allows capillaries to be in closer proximity to gases.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What body signal, interpreted by the brain stem, will cause the diaphragm to contract?

A) levels of oxygen in the blood
B) levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) levels of carbon monoxide in the blood
D) levels of hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What route does air follow to the human lungs as it is inhaled?

A) nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchiole, alveolus
B) nasal cavity, larynx, bronchiole, trachea, alveolus
C) nasal cavity, bronchiole, larynx, trachea, alveolus
D) nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveolus

Question 5

What is the respiratory surface where gas exchange occurs?

A) trachea
B) bronchioles
C) pharynx
D) alveoli

Question 6

Chronic smoking can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, permanently damaging alveoli. What condition results from this process?

A) bronchitis
B) asthma
C) emphysema
D) lung cancer

Question 7

Why is carbon monoxide deadly?

A) It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of oxygen.
B) It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen.
C) It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of carbon dioxide.
D) It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of carbon dioxide.

Question 8

What is a more accurate description for the secondhand smoke emitted by a lit cigarette combined with the smoke exhaled by active smokers?

A) passive smoke
B) environmental tobacco smoke
C) active smoke
D) dirty air

Question 9

Although children believe that "holding my breath until I die" is possible, why should parents not be concerned by this threat?

A) As a child holds his or her breath, oxygen levels build, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
B) As a child holds his or her breath, oxygen levels decrease, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
C) As a child holds his or her breath, carbon dioxide levels decrease, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
D) As a child holds his or her breath, carbon dioxide levels increase, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.

Question 10

In the alveoli and lung capillaries, how are carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged?

A) by endocytosis
B) by osmosis
C) by diffusion
D) by phagocytosis

Question 11

True or false: As you're sitting in your chair reading this test question, the process of breathing out (termed exhalation) is an active process.

Question 12

True or false: Of the 170,000 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in the United States each year, greater than 90% of these patients are current smokers or former smokers.

Question 13

As air is inhaled, which of these four structures is the last to be encountered?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) bronchiole
D) bronchi

Question 14

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which structure will connect to alveoli, where gas exchange will occur?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) bronchi
D) bronchioles

Question 15

What results when the surfactant in the lungs is affected by smoking?

A) increased respiratory surface area
B) decreased gas exchange in the alveoli
C) reduced ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen
D) increased concentrations of carbon monoxide

Question 16

What is one consequence of long-term exposure to carbon monoxide, found in environmental tobacco smoke?

A) damage to hemoglobin
B) protection from bronchitis
C) higher-than-average birth weights of babies born to smoking mothers
D) diminished brain function in infants and children

Question 17

Where can most of the oxygen in the blood be found?

A) bound to hemoglobin
B) in white blood cells
C) combined with carbon dioxide
D) dissolved in the plasma

Question 18

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, how is the air pressure inside the lungs affected?

A) It increases.
B) It decreases.
C) It decreases, then increases.
D) It is unchanged.

Question 19

Which statement about respiration is true?

A) Inhalation is a passive process.
B) Exhalation is an active process during intense exercise.
C) During exhalation, the pressure in the lung decreases.
D) During inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the respiratory pigments that are specialized proteins in blood?

A) They contain metal ions.
B) They occur only in insects.
C) They increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide transport.
D) They turn the blood blue when oxygen is bound.

Question 21

True or false: The presence of known carcinogens in ETS supports the argument that ETS can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers.

Question 22

Which structures return blood to the heart?

A) capillaries
B) veins
C) arteries
D) sinoatrial nodes

Question 23

Which structures lining the tissue surface of the respiratory tract can be damaged by airborne particles?

A) cilia
B) alveoli
C) bronchi
D) capillaries

Question 24

What action does the respiratory system require signals from the nervous system to perform?

A) enhancing the amount of available oxygen in the lungs
B) coordinating the muscles controlling breathing
C) releasing enzymes to increase the exchange of gases
D) exchanging gases with the circulatory system

Question 25

How do the substances in tobacco smoke increase your risk for stroke and heart attack?

A) They promote the production of fibrinogen.
B) They decrease platelet aggregation.
C) They decrease the probability of clot formation.
D) They decrease the risk for hypertension.

Question 26

Which compound provides a slippery consistency in the lungs preventing the alveoli walls from sticking together?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) surfactant
D) respiratory pigments

Question 27

In southern copperhead snake venom, you'll find a protein called a disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. What effect do you think disintegrin has on the snake's prey?

A) After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing.
B) The molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that cause heart attacks and strokes.
C) The molecule interferes with clot formation so the venom can travel through the body more efficiently.
D) By binding to the platelets, the molecule increases the formation of fibrin.

Question 28

Which structures have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards?

A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins
D) SA node

Question 29

In which blood vessels do the exchange of gases and other materials occur?

A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries
D) right atrium

Question 30

True or false: Highly controlled clinical experiments have determined that nonsmokers exposed to ETS have a 20 to 30% higher risk of lung cancer than unexposed nonsmokers.

Question 31

True or false: The blood in veins becomes bluish in color when it has become deoxygenated.

Question 32

What is the most abundant gas in environmental tobacco smoke, which can lead to serious consequences for people with other health problems when exposed to elevated levels of this gas?

Question 33

What does bright red blood indicate?

A) that oxygen is no longer bound to hemoglobin
B) that copper is bound to hemoglobin
C) that oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
D) that carbon monoxide is bound to hemoglobin

Question 34

What region of the heart acts as the heart's pacemaker?

A) sinoatrial (SA) node
B) atrioventricular (AV) node
C) semilunar valve
D) ventricle

Question 35

"Diver's reflex" is a response to diving in many aquatic mammals and also occurs in humans upon submersion in water. It is characterized by physiological changes that decrease oxygen consumption, such as a slowed heart rate. Which region of the heart would be directly affected by the nervous system to allow for the slowing of heart rate?

A) SA node
B) AV node
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Question 36

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

A) ventriculation
B) diastole
C) vasodilation
D) systole

Question 37

Which best describes an artery?

A) Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
B) Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
C) Arteries contain valves.
D) Arteries have thinner walls than veins.

Question 38

Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. What will the extra red blood cells do in the body?

A) make the heart beat faster
B) increase O₂ delivery to muscles
C) decrease blood pressure
D) change the blood type

Question 39

What term describes the many components of tobacco smoke that are known to cause cancer?

Question 40

In which blood vessels is blood pressure the lowest?

A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins
D) left ventricle

Question 41

Where do blood stem cells originate?

A) heart
B) bloodstream
C) bone marrow
D) liver

Question 42

Economy-class syndrome is a condition that develops after long plane rides in which individuals are seated in a cramped position with little leg room. Based on your knowledge of the cardiovascular system, which consequence might result from this syndrome?

A) increased risk for heart attack
B) increased risk for thrombosis
C) increased risk for developing hypertension
D) increased risk for swelling in the brain

Question 43

In the human cardiovascular system, what's the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?

Question 44

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack?

A) rupture of coronary arteries
B) a blood clot moving through the heart
C) a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart
D) scar tissue in the heart muscle

Question 45

A small mass of specialized muscle on the back wall of the right atrium, also known as the pacemaker, is medically known as what?

A) atrioventricular node
B) cardiopulmonary node
C) bundle of His
D) sinoatrial node

Question 46

True or false: The majority of deaths due to smoking result from cardiovascular disease, not lung cancer or other lung diseases.

Question 47

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: In which of the labeled regions would blood pressure be the highest?

A) Region 5
B) Region 6
C) Region 7
D) Region 8

Question 48

Which chamber of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic system first?

A) left ventricle
B) left atrium
C) right atrium
D) right ventricle

Question 49

Which region of the circulatory system allows passage of nutrients and other small molecules to service nearby tissues?

A) veins
B) arteries
C) capillaries
D) arterioles

Question 50

About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels similar to those seen in people who never smoked?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 51

What is the chemical in tobacco smoke that's able to activate the brain's reward pathways, thus making smoking a very addictive process?

Question 52

Which pathway correctly traces a drop of blood through the vascular system?

A) right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium
B) left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body, left atrium
C) right ventricle, lungs, right atrium, left ventricle, body, left atrium
D) left ventricle, lungs, left atrium, right ventricle, body, right atrium

Question 53

What potential consequence on the cardiovascular system may result from smoking?

A) an increase in the production of HDL
B) a decrease in the production of LDL
C) a higher risk of atherosclerosis
D) an increase in the risk for lung cancer

Question 54

What is the purpose of the platelets, an important cell type within human blood?

A) They provide glucose to tissues.
B) They carry oxygen to body cells.
C) They help form a clot at the site of a wound.
D) They carry antibodies against infections.