Deck 20: Vaccination: Protection and Prevention or Peril Immune System,

Question 1

You have developed an antibiotic that inhibits a bacterial enzyme critical for the formation of the cell wall. However, after only a short time, the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic, and it's no longer effective. Which mechanism is responsible for the bacteria no longer being sensitive to your antibiotic?

A) Over time, your antibiotic selected for bacteria containing a gene that codes for an enzyme capable of metabolizing your antibiotic.
B) The bacteria learned to avoid taking up the antibiotic in their surroundings.
C) The immune system of bacteria recognized the antibiotic as being foreign and quickly removed any antibiotic before it could accumulate to toxic levels.
D) Through the use of plasmids, bacteria communicated with other bacteria that a noxious chemical was present in the environment.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A research scientist is trying to design a new antibiotic that would break down the gelatinous capsule that surrounds each bacterial cell. What action would this antibiotic prevent in bacteria that would make it effective in preventing human illness?

A) passing genes to each other
B) swimming away from cells of the immune system
C) attaching to body cells in order to cause infection
D) reproducing using binary fission

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One of the reasons that viruses are such effective infectious organisms is their ability to gain entry into host cells. Which component of a virus is primarily responsible for this feat?

A) flagellae
B) reverse transcriptase
C) single stranded RNA
D) viral envelope

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are disease-causing organisms called?

A) microbes
B) parasites
C) contagious
D) pathogens

Question 5

Which disease is caused by bacteria that can paralyze respiratory muscles?

A) E. coli infection
B) botulism
C) staph infection
D) tuberculosis

Question 6

Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms?

A) Viruses don't possess a nucleus.
B) Viruses aren't capable of replicating themselves without a host cell.
C) Viruses don't always contain DNA as their genetic material.
D) Viruses don't contain any proteins.

Question 7

What disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?

A) the common cold
B) rabies
C) tuberculosis
D) mononucleosis

Question 8

What would be an action that public health officials could take to reduce the risk of West Nile virus infection?

A) provide people with low-cost vaccines for the virus
B) encourage people to wash their hands frequently and cover their cough
C) require pet owners to vaccinate their dogs and cats
D) work with natural resource managers to spray areas where mosquitoes breed

Question 9

AZT is an effective drug for treating HIV-infected individuals because it prevents the replication of new viral particles. The HIV virus has a genome made of RNA. Of the following, which represents the most likely target for the action of AZT?

A) DNA in the host cell
B) cell wall of the virus
C) reverse transcriptase in the virus
D) DNA ligase in the host cell

Question 10

Where would you be most likely to encounter E. coli bacteria?

A) in bulging canned foods
B) on the surface of the skin
C) in unpasteurized milk
D) in the walls of the lungs

Question 11

Why are latent viruses more likely to be transmitted to unsuspecting hosts than other types of viruses?

A) Because latent viruses have the ability to infect host cells better than most types of viruses.
B) Latent viruses lack a capsid, which enables them to infect host cells more readily.
C) Latent viruses reproduce slowly and steadily, allowing them to gain a foothold in the host.
D) Latent viruses can undergo long periods of dormancy, enabling infected hosts to transmit them to others unknowingly.

Question 12

Which feature is common in a virus?

A) cell wall
B) nucleus
C) capsid
D) plasmid

Question 13

Some RNA viruses, such as HIV, require what enzyme (two words) to convert the viral RNA genome into a DNA version?

Question 14

True or false: Infectious diseases differ from genetic diseases in that infectious diseases are usually contagious.

Question 15

Why is it important to keep your leftover chicken salad in the refrigerator?

A) Potential viruses in the chicken salad thrive under warm conditions.
B) Spores released by harmful bacteria only germinate at room temperature.
C) Infectious bacteria like Salmonella reproduce more quickly at room temperature.
D) Chicken salad loses its flavor if stored at room temperature.

Question 16

Many bacteria carry plasmids containing bacterial genes that are easily and rapidly spread through an entire bacterial colony. Why are plasmids of particular concern to humans?

A) They carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
B) They carry genes that code for substances that are toxic to humans.
C) They carry genes that code for flagellae.
D) They carry genes that enable bacteria to metabolize glucose.

Question 17

What description applies to a disease-causing organism that can spread from one organism to another?

A) contagious
B) infectious
C) parasitic
D) microscopic

Question 18

True or false: The relationship between the protist, Plasmodium, that causes malaria and its host is beneficial to both of them.

Question 19

Which pathogens require a host cell because they aren't able to make proteins on their own?

A) blue-green algae
B) bacteria
C) protozoans
D) viruses

Question 20

A young woman with rhinovirus goes to the doctor to see if she can get a prescription for antibiotics. How would the antibiotics affect the rhinovirus?

A) Most rhinovirus cells would be killed by the antibiotics.
B) The rhinovirus would spread more quickly, because the antibiotics would eliminate competing pathogens.
C) Rhinovirus reproduction would be slowed by the antibiotics, allowing the immune system to attack the virus.
D) The rhinovirus would not be affected by the antibiotics.

Question 21

Which method may effectively prevent the spread of botulism?

A) Do not eat food that has been sitting at room temperature for hours.
B) Avoid contact with infected individuals who are regularly sneezing.
C) Thoroughly boil or cook all food products.
D) Thoroughly wash hands before eating any food.

Question 22

Which cells are important elements that comprise antibody-mediated immunity?

A) B cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) helper T cells
D) macrophages

Question 23

Which cells are important elements that comprise cell-mediated immunity?

A) B cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) plasma cells
D) complement proteins

Question 24

What cells of the immune system will help the body respond more quickly if the infectious agent is encountered again?

A) complement
B) cytotoxic
C) helper
D) memory

Question 25

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which statement about viruses is correct?

A) Viruses are composed of cells.
B) Viruses have no genome.
C) Viruses can make their own enzymes.
D) The genes of a virus code for proteins necessary to make more viruses.

Question 26

What does the HPV vaccine provide protection against?

A) cervical cancer
B) hepatitis B
C) pertussis
D) tetanus

Question 27

An individual suffers a bite from a bat, resulting in the transmission of the virus that causes rabies. In this case, how did the infection occur?

A) through direct contact
B) through inhalation
C) through vector-borne transmission
D) through ingestion

Question 28

An individual contracts Lyme disease. In this case, how did transmission occur?

A) inhalation
B) exposure to infected body fluids
C) an intermediate host
D) ingestion

Question 29

Which structure(s) represent a first line of defense against pathogens?

A) skin
B) inflammation
C) lymphocytes
D) phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 30

Where can the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant for an extended period of time?

A) blood
B) lungs
C) soil
D) intestines

Question 31

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: During which step in replication is the virus dependent upon the use of its own reverse transcriptase?

A) Step 1
B) Step 2
C) Step 3
D) Step 4

Question 32

Why would individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that's rare in the rest of the population?

A) They lack helper T cells.
B) They produce too many antibodies to the virus.
C) They possess more antigen diversity.
D) They lack B lymphocytes.

Question 33

Which pathogen is a eukaryote?

A) Giardia
B) rabies virus
C) E. coli
D) Staphylococcus

Question 34

Which situation has contributed to widespread antibiotic resistance?

A) doctors underprescribing antibiotics that would eradicate cold-causing bacteria
B) patients finishing their antibiotic prescription even though they feel better
C) farmers using an abundance of antibiotics to treat feedlot animals
D) chefs cooking meat thoroughly in restaurants

Question 35

What does the DPT vaccine protect against?

A) whooping cough
B) bacterial meningitis
C) human papillomavirus
D) influenza

Question 36

Which is an example of a specific line of defense against an infectious agent?

A) The skin acts as a barrier to infection by the agent.
B) Macrophages engulf the invading agent in the affected tissue.
C) Mucus membranes in the lungs trap the invading pathogens.
D) B cells stick to the invading pathogen's surface.

Question 37

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

A) Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99.9% of the bacterial population.
B) Through time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
C) Eventually, the entire bacterial population will be wiped out.
D) The bacterial population will reach an equilibrium point at which the antibiotic is 50% effective.

Question 38

By what process do bacteria reproduce?

A) competitive fusion
B) meiosis
C) plasmid replication
D) binary fission

Question 39

Why does HIV cause disease in people?

A) It produces a toxin.
B) It destroys helper T cells.
C) It stimulates the growth of memory cells.
D) It causes the loss of plasma nutrients.

Question 40

In which gland do T cells undergo further maturation?

A) adrenal
B) thyroid
C) thymus
D) pituitary

Question 41

What is an immune system cell that binds to an antigen?

A) antibody
B) immunoglobulin
C) T cell
D) macrophage

Question 42

An individual receives a flu vaccine and is well protected for the current flu season. The following flu season, the individual fails to get another flu vaccine and comes down with the flu. What is the most likely explanation for vaccine ineffectiveness in the subsequent flu season?

A) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were able to overcome the effects of the vaccine.
B) The immune system becomes weaker when continually exposed to the same virus contained in the vaccine.
C) The flu virus mutated, leading to a new strain of virus that could escape detection by the immune system.
D) Most vaccines have a limited lifetime and eventually break down and become ineffective.

Question 43

Which is a part of the body's nonspecific defense mechanism?

A) skin
B) T cells
C) B cells
D) antibodies

Question 44

A strategy currently in clinical trials to treat Alzheimer's disease is to infuse patients with antibodies, which then target the pathological protein produced in the disease, leading to its removal. What type of immune reaction applies to this technique?

A) an autoimmune response
B) active immunization
C) passive immunization
D) cell-mediated immunity

Question 45

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example?

A) first line of defense
B) second line of defense
C) third line of defense
D) antibody-mediated immunity

Question 46

What happens during an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis?

A) B cells are no longer able to make antibodies.
B) Helper T cells are no longer produced.
C) Infectious agents are able to hide in immune system cells.
D) Immune system cells attack healthy body cells.

Question 47

Where are developing lymphocytes tested to determine whether they'll bind to self-proteins?

Question 48

True or false: Both first- and second-line defenses are specific defense mechanisms that are able to distinguish one pathogen from another.

Question 49

Both B cells and T cells make up the third line of defense against pathogens but do so in different ways. How do B cells function?

A) They attack and kill infected body cells.
B) They make and secrete antibodies.
C) They detect invaders and alert T cells.
D) They present antigens to T cells.

Question 50

Which specific defense mechanism protects against foreign organisms that have managed to infect body cells by destroying these cells?

A) cell-mediated immune system
B) antibody-mediated immune system
C) pyrogens
D) inflammatory response

Question 51

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: A disease that prevented the continued development of lymphocytes in the bone might cause which action?

A) It would lead to a reduced cell-mediated response.
B) It would lead to an incomplete development of T cells.
C) It would prevent the formation of T4 cells.
D) It would lead to a reduced antibody-mediated response.

Question 52

What is a vaccine usually composed of?

A) macrophages that fight infection
B) a hormone that boosts immunity
C) inactivated disease-causing microbes
D) antibodies that recognize invading microbes

Question 53

Which specific defense mechanism defends primarily against antigens in body fluids?

A) cell-mediated immune system
B) antibody-mediated immune system
C) inflammatory response
D) fever

Question 54

True or false: Every antigen receptor synthesized by lymphocytes is encoded by a separate gene.

Question 55

How can injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine protect that individual from a disease?

A) The proteins of the killed bacteria remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on them instead of live tissues.
B) The proteins of the killed bacteria bind with receptors in the body so that live bacteria can't bind with them later.
C) The proteins of the killed bacteria stimulate the production of antibodies, which can be utilized later in response to infection.
D) The proteins of the killed bacteria give the person a mild form of the disease, which conditions the body not to respond to later infection.

Question 56

The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. How do the weakened viruses protect vaccinated individuals against polio?

A) They prevent further viral invasion.
B) They induce an inflammatory response.
C) They promote production of antibodies.
D) They are too weak to cause illness.

Question 57

What cells directly terminate antigens?

A) suppressor T cells
B) helper T cells
C) cytotoxic T cells
D) cytotoxic B cells

Question 58

Which immune system protects the body from its own cancerous cells?

A) cell-mediated immune system
B) antibody-mediated immune system
C) enzyme immune system
D) inflammatory immune system

Question 59

What are molecules such as viruses and bacteria that are foreign to the host and stimulate the immune system to react?

Question 60

What causes fever?

A) Macrophages release pyrogens, which cause body temperature to increase.
B) Complementary proteins coat the surfaces of microbes and cause an increase in their temperature.
C) The activity of B cells and T cells causes the body to give off more heat.
D) Damaged cells release histamine, which increases body temperature.

Question 61

When individuals are first infected with HIV, early symptoms are flu-like, but when the immune system responds, people recover from these flu-like symptoms and then can become asymptomatic for as long as 10 years. However, HIV eventually wins its battle with the immune system, and individuals will eventually show symptoms of AIDS. Why does HIV eventually win its battle with the immune system?

A) HIV is a latent virus and only actively reproduces when conditions are perfect.
B) HIV is constantly reproducing but doesn't produce the vital toxins necessary to kill T4 cells until a certain period of time has passed.
C) During the asymptomatic period, new variants of HIV arise, and antibodies produced against earlier variants don't recognize the new variants.
D) The population of HIV doesn't change during the asymptomatic period, and therefore, antibodies that were produced originally against it are destroyed by the spleen.

Question 62

A mother, father, and son live together in the same house. The mother passes a cold to her son. The son then passes the cold to his father. If the virus has not mutated, should the mother be worried about catching the cold again from her husband?

A) No, memory cells will help the mother's immune system to quickly eliminate the virus.
B) Yes, although the mother has produced some antibodies to the cold virus, it can still overwhelm her immune system.
C) No, the T cells that are left from the previous infection can kill off any virus.
D) Yes, the immune system will treat the cold virus like a new infectious agent.

Question 63

Which mode of transmission is used by the HIV virus in humans?

A) sneezing
B) blood transfusion
C) tears
D) insect bite

Question 64

What can happen when a complement protein encounters an antibody-antigen complex marking a pathogen?

A) The protein can mark the pathogen for destruction by T cells.
B) The protein can destroy the pathogen.
C) The protein can coat the pathogen to inactivate it.
D) The protein can remove the antibody for use elsewhere.

Question 65

Which cells are not normally involved in the functioning of the immune system in humans?

A) white blood cells
B) red blood cells
C) lymphocytes
D) B cells

Question 66

What happens during an allergic reaction?

A) Immune cells attack the body's healthy cells.
B) The body mounts an immune reaction to a harmless substance.
C) Substances that were previously harmless become pathogenic.
D) The immune system overreacts to a mild pathogen.

Question 67

U.S. health officials are considering different ways of preparing for a future worldwide epidemic of human influenza that could be derived from a form of the disease that infects birds (avian flu). Which actions would be useful in preventing a future influenza epidemic?

A) Inject helper T cells into healthy people to boost immune systems.
B) Inoculate infected people with a vaccine against the pathogen.
C) Give antibiotics to people with mild symptoms.
D) Ask people with flu symptoms to stay at home.

Question 68

You suffer a bee sting that leaves a red mark and is warm as well as itchy. What actions would be blocked by the medication that would be best to treat this body reaction?

A) interferons
B) complement proteins
C) pyrogens
D) histamine