Deck 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Question 1

The ________ approach emphasizes the psychological characteristics of workers and managers, and stresses the significance of factors such as moral, attitudes, and values.

A) humanistic
B) human relations
C) sociocultural
D) ergonomics

Answer 1

human relations

Question 2

Inventors of the video game system Wii were probably experts in the field of

A) ergonomics.
B) system management.
C) human relations.
D) job analysis.

Answer 2

ergonomics.

Question 3

The mastermind of scientific management was

A) Frederick Winslow Taylor.
B) Frank Gilbreth.
C) Elton Mayo.
D) Donald Clifton.

Answer 3

Frederick Winslow Taylor.

Question 4

The tendency of individuals to perform better simply because they are being singled out and made to feel important is called

A) the primacy effect.
B) the Hawthorne effect.
C) observation reinforcement.
D) the halo effect.

Question 5

When the boss asks Sally to demonstrate how fast she can accomplish her task on the production line, she finishes the task in record time. Sally's performance is best explained by the ________ effect.

A) KSAO
B) Hawthorne
C) halo
D) waigawa

Question 6

According to the Hawthorne effect, people perform better when they

A) are given feedback.
B) are singled out and made to feel important.
C) receive performance appraisals.
D) are given incentives.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT included in the guidelines for scientific management?

A) Jobs should be carefully analyzed to identify the optimal way to perform them.
B) Employees should be trained at the job they will perform.
C) Employees should be rewarded for productivity.
D) Employees should be hired on the basis of their formal education.

Question 8

Which of the following has influenced industrial and organizational psychology?

A) ergonomics
B) scientific management
C) Hawthorne studies
D) All of these.

Question 9

Who invented the assembly line?

A) Frederick Winslow Taylor
B) Ransom
C) Elton Mayo
D) Henry Ford
E) Olds

Question 10

The notion that the principles of science should be applied to work settings has been around for

A) just 10 years.
B) approximately 25 years.
C) almost 100 years.
D) over 200 years.

Question 11

Today, ergonomics specialists have expertise in

A) perception, attention, and cognition.
B) learning theories.
C) social and environmental psychology.
D) All of these.

Question 12

Understanding and enhancing the safety and efficiency of the human-machine interaction is the central focus of

A) engineering.
B) behavioral psychology.
C) the waigawa policy.
D) ergonomics.

Question 13

The human relations approach emphasizes which of the following?

A) morale, attitudes, and values of workers and managers
B) humane treatment of workers
C) seeing the workplace as a social system
D) All of these.

Question 14

The fact that pay alone is not strongly related to job satisfaction supports the

A) Hawthorne effect.
B) halo effect.
C) X theory of management.
D) human relations approach.

Question 15

In his effort to perfect the assembly line, Henry Ford hired ________ to conduct time and motion studies.

A) Frederick Winslow Taylor
B) Frank Gilbreth
C) Elton Mayo
D) Ransom
E) Olds

Question 16

Who conducted the Hawthorne studies?

A) Frederick Winslow Taylor
B) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
C) Elton Mayo
D) Graham Parsons

Question 17

Ergonomics is a field which focuses on

A) psychology and architecture.
B) the social environment of the workplace.
C) efficiency and safety in the workplace.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 18

How did the Hawthorne studies affect I/O research?

A) They reinforced the principles of scientific management.
B) They confirmed the idea that what was good for business was good for the employee.
C) They moved research away from scientific management and toward human relations.
D) All of these.

Question 19

According to ________, the worker is a well-oiled machine.

A) transformational leadership
B) scientific management
C) strengths-based management
D) organizational identity

Question 20

Contemporary I/O psychology has its roots in

A) the history of industry.
B) the two world wars.
C) gender equity reform.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 21

Gwen has been at her job for seven years and is about to get a promotion. Her boss asked her to write a detailed description of what she does on a daily basis. Gwen is contributing to

A) a job analysis.
B) the halo effect.
C) 360-degree feedback.
D) a work sample.

Question 22

Kevin just graduated from college and is looking for a job. The medium he is most likely going to use in his job search is

A) word of mouth.
B) newspapers.
C) a personnel agency.
D) the internet.

Question 23

Which of these is NOT an essential element of a job analysis?

A) follows a systematic procedure
B) states the current demand for the particular job
C) breaks the job down into small units
D) leads to an employee manual that characterizes the job

Question 24

Possible concerns about hiring through an interview process include all of the following EXCEPT

A) gender bias.
B) ethnic bias.
C) failure to assess the skills required to do the job.
D) the time involved.

Question 25

Becca is asked by her employer to write up a description of her job that focuses on the knowledge, skills, and abilities required. What is her employer asking her to produce?

A) performance evaluation
B) job evaluation
C) KSAO list
D) 360-degree feedback

Question 26

Donnie is struggling to choose a major for college. Donnie should consider going into the field of ________ because it is the fastest-growing job in the United States.

A) physical therapy
B) biomedical engineering
C) medical science
D) dental hygiene

Question 27

Job analysis provides information that is useful to all of the following EXCEPT

A) job seekers who are looking to match jobs to their skills and interests.
B) personnel officers who are making hiring decisions.
C) lawyers who are considering fairness in job requirements.
D) analysts who determine market wages and pay rates for occupations.

Question 28

Pablo's boss just finished interviewing a potential new employee. He tells Pablo that he is confident that the new person is honest and hardworking. Pablo's boss may be exhibiting

A) normative commitment.
B) interviewer illusion.
C) organizational citizenship behavior.
D) idealized influence.

Question 29

Marilyn needs a wheelchair to get around. If she is hired for a new job, the company must

A) compensate her for the costs of a functional workplace wheelchair.
B) limit her job responsibilities accordingly.
C) make accommodations to allow her to do the job.
D) hire an assistant to assist with her mobility issues.

Question 30

Bruce and Grant apply for work at the same company. Bruce is interviewed using a structured interview format while Grant is interviewed using an unstructured interview format. Both men are hired. Will the employer be able to predict their future job performance based on how they each did in their interview??

A) No, interviews are not good predictors of future job performance.
B) The employer will be better able to predict Bruce's future job performance.
C) The employer will be better able to predict Grant's future job performance.
D) The employer will be to predict Bruce's and Grant's future job performance equally well.

Question 31

"I don't need fancy tests or inventories; I can read people like books." This statement from an interviewer reflects

A) normative commitment.
B) idealized influence.
C) organizational citizenship behavior.
D) interviewer illusion.

Question 32

At the college where Dave works, potential employees must give a ten minute demonstration of their teaching style prior to being hired. This is an example of a(n)

A) structured interview.
B) work sample.
C) unstructured interview.
D) integrity test.

Question 33

"If you receive an extra cheeseburger when you go through the drive thru, it is okay to keep it." This could be a question from the ________ test.

A) intelligence
B) ability
C) integrity
D) aptitude

Question 34

The term interviewer illusion refers to the tendency of interviewers to believe that

A) their first impression of an applicant is correct.
B) applicants who give all the right answers make the best employees.
C) applicants who are attractive are also highly capable.
D) they can discern the truth about a job applicant.

Question 35

The Americans with Disabilities Act

A) defines "qualified individual with a disability" as an individual who can complete both the essential and nonessential functions of a job.
B) is most recognized for putting an undue burden on employers.
C) supports the use of accommodations that permit an otherwise qualified individual with disabilities to perform the essential functions of a job.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 36

When Ahmad interviewed for his current job, he completed a questionnaire that contained items such as, "It's okay to lie if you know you won't get caught." What type of test was this?

A) intelligence
B) ability
C) integrity
D) aptitude

Question 37

The process of generating a description of what a job involves, including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the functions of the job, is called a

A) job evaluation.
B) job analysis.
C) KSOA.
D) performance appraisal.

Question 38

A company owner wants to hire the most honest job applicants. She could best evaluate the honesty of job applicants by using a(n)

A) unstructured interview.
B) integrity test.
C) job analysis.
D) structured interview.

Question 39

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Industrial and Organizational components of I/O psychology?

A) Industrial psychology focuses more on efficiency and cost effectiveness.
B) Organizational psychology is less concerned with feelings of fulfillment.
C) Industrial psychology is more concerned with human relations.
D) Organizational psychology focuses more on safety issues.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is correct according to research on today's job applicant pool?

A) Applicants with connections to insiders do not work as hard on the job as those who applied without knowing anybody in the company.
B) It is harder to judge the quality of candidates who apply online than it is to judge those who apply in person.
C) Applicants who apply through online channels are better-quality candidates than those who apply in other ways.
D) Qualified applicants have become harder to find due to more specific job descriptions and technological advances.

Question 41

Stan believes that his employees dislike responsibility. He could be described as a

A) idealized influence leader.
B) transformational leader.
C) theory X manager.
D) theory Y manager.

Question 42

Who developed what is referred to as the Japanese principles of quality control?

A) Olds
B) McGregor
C) Clifton
D) Deming

Question 43

The first step for a new employee is taking part in

A) mock job-related tasks.
B) training.
C) orientation.
D) mentoring.

Question 44

Organizational psychology focuses on

A) ergonomics and human resources.
B) job performance and wages.
C) employee selection and training.
D) the psychological experience of the worker.

Question 45

Which of the following is TRUE in regards to workplace performance appraisals and job termination?

A) Within the U.S., firings from private businesses must be based on documentation of poor performance.
B) The U.S. is more stringent than Canada about documented proof of poor job performance.
C) In Canada, a person cannot be fired from any job without evidence of poor performance.
D) Within the U.S. government, an individual can be fired without documented evidence of poor performance.

Question 46

Maria runs her company on the philosophy that workers try to avoid doing their work so she must constantly try to "keep them in line." Maria's philosophy best matches with

A) the waigawa system.
B) theory Y management.
C) theory X management.
D) strengths-based management.

Question 47

Joe and Larry are employed at the same telecommunications company. Their manager has just conducted objective assessments of their sales of complex data products during the first quarter. Larry sold more products than Joe. Subjectively, however, Joe is considered to be easier to work with. What are the implications for managers in conducting Joe and Larry's respective performance appraisals?

A) They should focus only on the highest number of total sales.
B) They should include subjective ratings by supervisors.
C) They should focus only on the quality of work and ignore the sales numbers.
D) They should focus only on the cancellations and disregard the numbers of sales.

Question 48

Lawrence receives perfect ratings in all categories from his supervisor. This could be the result of

A) organizational citizenship.
B) the halo effect.
C) bias.
D) All of these.

Question 49

"I have to check up on my employees all throughout the day or they will start goofing off," is a statement that would most likely be made by a manager who believes in the

A) waigawa system.
B) strengths-based management approach.
C) Y theory of management approach.
D) X theory of management approach.

Question 50

The psychological experience of the worker is emphasized in ________ psychology.

A) industrial
B) human resource
C) ergonomic
D) organizational

Question 51

Leanne recently underwent a performance appraisal at her job. Leanne's supervisor submitted a review, Leanne's coworker submitted a review, and Leanne had to submit a review of her own work. What type of performance appraisal was this?

A) unbiased evaluation
B) 360-degree feedback
C) transactional
D) organizational citizenship

Question 52

Kenneth has been working for a company for nearly two years and is about to attend a workshop outlining a new software program that his company is about to adopt. What is Kenneth engaging in?

A) overlearning
B) Hawthorne effect
C) employee development
D) orientation

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding mentoring in the workplace is FALSE?

A) Assigned mentors may not be as effective as naturally occurring mentors.
B) An incompetent mentor may be worse than no mentor at all.
C) Assigned mentors can be important to those in the minority in their field.
D) Natural mentors are less likely to dedicate themselves to new workers than assigned ones.

Question 54

Which job is best suited for strictly online orientation training?

A) truck driver
B) elementary school teacher
C) advertising agent
D) human resource officer

Question 55

What is a key result of overlearning?

A) automaticity
B) redundancy
C) errors of exaggeration
D) less attention to detail

Question 56

Which of the following performance appraisals exhibits the halo effect?

A) Jude: high productivity rating, low interpersonal rating, high corporate citizenship
B) Sophia: low productivity rating, low interpersonal rating, high corporate citizenship
C) Max: low productivity rating, high interpersonal rating, low corporate citizenship
D) Pam: high productivity rating, high interpersonal rating, high corporate citizenship

Question 57

A workplace mentor is a(n)

A) new employee.
B) trainee.
C) unexperienced employee.
D) None of these.

Question 58

Susan is having her performance at work evaluated. Susan is recognized for completing large volumes of work in a shorter period of time than other employees. She also has excellent time management skills and is good at prioritizing and delegating tasks. Her weaknesses are a lack of attention to details and a high rate of errors. The person rating her gives her very similar scores for production, efficiency, and accuracy. This rater's evaluation reflects which phenomenon?

A) continuance commitment
B) organizational citizenship behavior
C) halo effect
D) Hawthorne effect

Question 59

At the end of each month, Tonya is evaluated by several of her co-workers, her boss, and even herself. She is involved in a(n) _______ performance appraisal.

A) group
B) unbiased
C) 360-degree
D) organizational citizenship

Question 60

Who originally suggested using the principles of Japanese management style in the workplace?

A) W. Edwards Deming
B) D. Clifton
C) D. McGregor
D) S. I. Hayakawa

Question 61

When asked why he works where he does, Carl says, "This is my first step in this company. This is a good place to work, and there are lots of chances to get promoted here. I want to work my way up in this field." Carl sees his occupation as a

A) job.
B) career.
C) calling.
D) craft.

Question 62

Antony owns a company where the work is creative and employees are encouraged to suggest new solutions to old problems. Antony's company uses

A) a transactional leadership approach.
B) theory Y management.
C) a scientific approach.
D) theory X management.

Question 63

The ________ type of employee commitment is linked to strong organizational identity.

A) continuance
B) normative
C) affective
D) transactional

Question 64

In terms of salary, an important predictor of job satisfaction is the

A) rate of increase in pay.
B) starting salary.
C) perception that others in the workplace make less money.
D) perception that the pay is fair.

Question 65

When asked why he works where he does, Cal says "It might seem easy, but to do this job right, you really have to learn a lot of things. I take pride in what I do, and I can do it the way I want, the best way I can. It's up to me; you make it what it is. I feel like I was meant to do this work." Cal sees his occupation as a

A) job.
B) career.
C) calling.
D) craft.

Question 66

During a difficult time for her company, Lisa remarks "Quit? Not me! I really have to stay here, even with less money. If I left I would lose my retirement after all the time I've put in." Lisa's remarks reflect what kind of employee commitment?

A) affective commitment
B) continuance commitment
C) normative commitment
D) individual commitment

Question 67

Lynn's company supported her both personally and financially while she went back to school to get her Master's degree. As a result, she is hesitant to look for a better paying job. Her commitment would be described as

A) affective.
B) continuance.
C) normative.
D) supportive.

Question 68

During a difficult time for her company, Jillian remarks, "I'm staying with the company because they sent me to school for this job, and they've also been paying for my continuing education. I really owe them a lot." Jillian's statements reflect what kind of employee commitment?

A) affective commitment
B) continuance commitment
C) normative commitment
D) obligation commitment

Question 69

In theory, which of the following is believed to be TRUE about the different kinds of employee commitment?

A) Individuals are thought to identify primarily with one type of commitment.
B) Some individuals identify with one of these types of commitment, and others do not display any identifiable type of commitment at given times.
C) Continuance commitment is found twice as often as normative commitment, and normative commitment is found twice as often as affective commitment.
D) Individuals are believed to have a commitment profile reflecting their level of commitment on all three dimensions at any given time.

Question 70

When people were asked about the meaning associated with their work, all of the following were mentioned EXCEPT

A) contributing to the economic maintenance of one's family.
B) having a job that allowed one to a have a positive impact on the organization.
C) seeing work as a self-expression.
D) receiving possible increases in pay.

Question 71

When asked why he works where he does, Jody says, "It's work. It's not hard to learn. I don't get to call the shots or do what I want. I just work here." Jody sees his occupation as a

A) job.
B) career.
C) calling.
D) craft.

Question 72

Donald Clifton's strengths-based management approach stresses

A) challenging employees in novel situations.
B) maximizing and building on employees' existing strengths.
C) treating all employees as if they have the same potential to achieve.
D) matching the strengths of managers to those of employees.

Question 73

During a difficult time for his company, Louie remarks, "I feel like we're part of a family here. At least management came up with a way for us to keep our jobs. I believe in this company, so I really want to stay." Louie's comments reflect what kind of employee commitment?

A) affective commitment
B) continuance commitment
C) citizenship commitment
D) normative commitment

Question 74

An employee who thinks of his or her work as a ________ is most likely to find work to be fulfilling and meaningful.

A) job
B) way to support his or her family
C) calling
D) career

Question 75

David runs a company that desperately needs to cut costs in order to stay in business. David has asked all of his employees to think of ways to cuts costs and report their ideas directly to him. David's company would best be described as having a ________ system.

A) waigawa
B) quid pro quo
C) theory X management
D) strengths-based management

Question 76

Which of the following are related to job satisfaction?

A) culture
B) organizational citizenship
C) job turnover
D) All of these.

Question 77

Paul has a high level of well-being. His brother John has a low level of well-being. Regarding performance evaluations, what would you expect?

A) While Paul may get a better evaluation than John on attitude, evaluations of their performance should be similar.
B) Their performance evaluations will not be significantly impacted by their different levels of well-being.
C) John, who works harder than his brother to compensate for his personal problems, is likely to get a higher performance evaluation than Paul, who feels less pressure in the workplace.
D) Paul is likely to receive a higher performance evaluation than John.

Question 78

A teacher who assigns lots of homework because she believes that her students have a natural tendency to work hard would be most similar to a manager who believes in the ________ approach.

A) quid pro quo
B) theory Y management
C) transactional leadership
D) 360 degree feedback

Question 79

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding job satisfaction and pay?

A) High earnings are a primary factor in facilitating high levels of job satisfaction.
B) Job satisfaction and amount of money earned are not related.
C) Job satisfaction is positively correlated with the perception that pay is fair.
D) Job satisfaction has a very high positive correlation with pay grade.

Question 80

If an executive allows input from any member of the company regardless of status, that executive is practicing the ________ system.

A) strengths-based management
B) theory X management
C) open-management
D) waigawa