Deck 14: The Digestive System and Nutrition

Question 1

Which one of the following might result if the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions?

A) gastric ulcer
B) duodenal ulcer
C) gluten intolerance
D) acid reflux
E) stomach cancer

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine is referred to as

A) elimination
B) secretion
C) absorption
D) muscularis
E) segmentation

Answer 2

E

Question 3

"Gurgling of the stomach" is due to

A) peristaltic contractions
B) the secretion of acids
C) the action of gastrin on the cells of the stomach
D) the production of chyme
E) the closing of the pyloric sphincter

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ________ is the region of a tooth that lies below the gum line, and the entire tooth sits in a socket in the jawbone, lined with ________, indicated by label ________.

A) bone, periodontal membrane, C
B) pulp cavity, root canal, D
C) root, periodontal membrane, E
D) crown, gingiva, D
E) pulp cavity, root canal, A

Question 5

Mucin in saliva functions to

A) remove food particles from teeth
B) lower the pH of the saliva
C) raise the pH of the saliva
D) aid in food particles sticking together
E) partially digest carbohydrates in the mouth

Question 6

The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is

A) elimination
B) secretion
C) chemical digestion
D) peristalsis
E) absorption

Question 7

Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the

A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) pharynx
D) nasal passageway
E) small intestine

Question 8

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of

A) HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen
B) chyme, HCL, mucus
C) HCL, secretin, saliva
D) pepsinogen, secretin, serosa
E) fluids from gastric glands only

Question 9

The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is

A) secretion
B) urination
C) mechanical processing
D) elimination
E) absorption

Question 10

Which one of the following is considered an accessory digestive organ?

A) pancreas
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) esophagus
E) large intestine

Question 11

Which one of the following components of saliva has antibacterial properties?

A) sodium bicarbonate
B) amylase
C) mucin
D) HCl
E) lysozyme

Question 12

The salivary glands include

A) the parotid and pancreatic glands
B) sublingual, submandibular, and pancreatic glands
C) parotid, submandibular, and subesophageal glands
D) sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands
E) subesophageal, pancreatic, and sublingual glands

Question 13

The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the

A) muscularis
B) mucosa
C) serosa
D) submucosa
E) glandular

Question 14

Which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing across the mucosal layer of the GI tract into the blood or lymph?

A) elimination
B) absorption
C) digestion
D) secretion
E) mechanical processing and movement

Question 15

During swallowing

A) the epiglottis bends to close the trachea
B) smooth muscle in the esophagus contracts slightly
C) the tongue flattens to the bottom of the mouth
D) salivary secretions stop
E) the hard palate rises to close the nasal passages

Question 16

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

Which one of the following labeled parts of the tooth is made up of a nonliving compound of phosphate and calcium?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 17

The digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) large intestine

Question 18

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that specifically targets

A) fatty acids
B) steroids
C) starch
D) glycogen
E) protein

Question 19

The watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called

A) bolus
B) chyme
C) segmentation
D) dentin
E) mucin

Question 20

The end products of the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are absorbed in the

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) large intestine

Question 21

A disorder of the nervous system in which the individual eats and then deliberately vomits is

A) diverticulosis
B) bulimia
C) anorexia nervosa
D) overnutrition
E) lactose intolerance

Question 22

All of the following are involved in the digestion of proteins EXCEPT which one?

A) pepsin
B) amylase
C) carboxypeptidase
D) chymotrypsin
E) trypsin

Question 23

Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by

A) hydrolyzing them to glycerol and fatty acids
B) breaking peptide bonds and hydrolyzing them to amino acids
C) forming chylomicrons
D) emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes
E) assisting with the active transport of triglycerides into the blood

Question 24

Which one of the following types of diets is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A) diet that includes complex carbohydrates
B) high-protein diet
C) diet low in refined sugars
D) diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol
E) diet that includes unsaturated fats

Question 25

Nutrient-rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via

A) the pancreatic duct
B) lacteal vessels
C) the pulmonary circuit
D) the hepatic portal system
E) arterial flow from GI tract to the liver

Question 26

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

A) producing mucin that lubricates the small intestine
B) releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum
C) producing chylomicrons
D) producing and releasing gastrin into the stomach
E) mechanically digesting the chyme as it leaves the stomach

Question 27

Which one of the following results in a higher basal metabolic rate?

A) fasting
B) increasing age
C) hypothyroidism
D) stress
E) crash diet

Question 28

An eating disorder in which someone diets excessively or deliberately stops eating altogether is called

A) anorexia
B) bulimia
C) hepatitis C
D) gastric nervosa
E) diverticulosis

Question 29

Which food group occupies the largest portion on the USDA "MyPlate"?

A) fruits
B) vegetables
C) grains
D) proteins
E) dairy

Question 30

As chyme leaves the stomach, the acidic nature of the partially digested food stimulates the duodenum to release the hormone

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) mucin
D) CCK
E) ADH

Question 31

Which one of the following vitamins can be produced by the human body?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 32

Bile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________.

A) liver, gall bladder
B) small intestine, liver
C) stomach, small intestine
D) gall bladder, liver
E) small intestine, gall bladder

Question 33

Which of the following meals or snacks is likely to cause the secretion of gastrin and cholecystokinin?

A) orange juice and toast with black coffee
B) bacon cheeseburger and fries
C) vegetable stir fry with rice
D) crackers with strawberry jam
E) pretzels and chips

Question 34

Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that water-soluble vitamins are

A) less readily absorbed from the GI tract
B) stored in fat tissue
C) stored for a brief period of time
D) rarely required as daily supplements to the diet
E) not excreted in urine

Question 35

Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats in that saturated fats

A) store energy
B) are found only in plant products
C) are liquid at room temperature
D) are made up of glycerol and fatty acids
E) have two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom in their fatty acid tails

Question 36

The pancreatic ducts connect to the small intestine at the

A) pyloric valve
B) cecum
C) duodenum
D) ileum
E) jejunum

Question 37

Essential amino acids are

A) used only for the production of hormones
B) required in the diet because the human body cannot make them
C) not found in a complete protein
D) not used for the production of proteins
E) required for the production of steroids

Question 38

Which one of the following would likely develop in a person with celiac disease who continues to consume gluten?

A) acid reflux
B) malabsorption
C) colon polyps
D) gastric ulcer
E) duodenal ulcer

Question 39

Elimination of undigested food material from the large intestine is controlled by

A) secretin
B) CCK
C) the defecation reflex
D) trypsin
E) the appendix

Question 40

In the small intestine, amino acids and monosaccharaides are moved into the mucosal cells by the process of

A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) endocytosis
E) exocytosis

Question 41

The appendix is considered one of the lesser accessory organs of the digestive tract.

Question 42

Mucin is a major component of saliva, which lubricates the teeth and causes food to stick together during swallowing.

Question 43

Diets that include complex carbohydrates instead of simple carbohydrates are recommended because sugar is released more slowly into the body.

Question 44

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
hydrochloric acid is released to promote digestion of proteins

Question 45

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
releases bile into the duodenum

Question 46

Stomach acid does not break down the wall of the stomach because gastric juice contains a powerful base that neutralizes the acid before it can cause damage.

Question 47

Segmentation is the primary means of mechanical breakdown of food in the digestive tract.

Question 48

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
mechanical and chemical digestion begins here

Question 49

Secretin is released by the liver to stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine.

Question 50

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
produces bile

Question 51

The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients from the liver to the small intestine; there, the nutrients undergo further processing before they are released into general circulation.

Question 52

"MyPlate" provides a personalized approach to assist an individual in developing a successful nutrition and exercise plan.

Question 53

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
relies on peristalsis to move food to the stomach

Question 54

Gingivitis occurs when tooth decay causes inflammation of the enamel and pulp of the tooth.

Question 55

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.
secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine

Question 56

Bile is an important enzyme that digests lipids.

Question 57

The condition known as acid reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions, allowing stomach fluid into the esophagus.

Question 58

Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________, which binds to vitamin B₁₂ so that it can be better absorbed in the small intestine.

Question 59

Lipids are not soluble in water; therefore, they must be ________ before they can be digested.

Question 60

"Brush border" refers to ________ found on the surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Question 61

Following the end of the school year, you celebrate a great semester by gorging on pizza. Assuming that your pizza has several meat toppings, discuss where in the digestive tract those meat toppings will be digested.

Question 62

Important components of food that are needed by the body for reproduction, growth, and good health are ________.

Question 63

Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the ________.

Question 64

Teeth are located in sockets in the jaws; these sockets are lined by a(n) ________ membrane.

Question 65

Explain the meaning of this statement: Fats are easy to absorb, but difficult to digest.

Question 66

Natural sugars such as those from fruit and honey are classified as ________.

Question 67

Bacteria residing in the large intestine release ________, which is absorbed by the human host and used for the process of blood clotting.

Question 68

Dental caries are caused by the production of ________ by bacteria in the mouth.

Question 69

Postmenopausal women are often advised to take the mineral ________ as a supplement to their diet in order to prevent bone loss due to osteoporosis.

Question 70

Region of the small intestine with the lowest pH is the ________.

Question 71

As food is chemically digested by the stomach, the pH of the gut fluids becomes very acidic. However, when the chyme is further processed in the small intestine, the gut fluid pH cannot remain that acidic. Explain the physiological processes that occur to chyme as it enters the duodenum to ensure that the pH is not damaging to the small intestine.

Question 72

Circular rings of smooth muscle that regulate the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract are ________.

Question 73

The small, fingerlike structure that extends from the cecum is the ________.

Question 74

Fats that are liquids at room temperature are ________.

Question 75

The digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates is completed in the ________.

Question 76

The interaction between an organism and its food is called ________.

Question 77

The amount of energy needed by the body to perform essential functions such as breathing is the ________.