Deck 8: Two Factor Analytic Trait Theories: Cattells 16 Factors and the Big Five

Question 1

One sentiment that clearly influenced Sonia Sotomayor's life was:

A) Education
B) Loneliness
C) Curiosity
D) Pride

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cattell's major contribution has been to

A) psychotherapy.
B) measurement.
C) interview techniques.
D) social psychology.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The primary function of Cattell's Institute for Personality and Ability Testing (IPAT) was to

A) recommend students for remedial and accelerated programs.
B) distribute psychological tests.
C) lobby Congress for more funding for psychological testing.
D) provide an alternative program for graduate study.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cattell studied all of the following except

A) D-data.
B) L-data.
C) Q-data.
D) T-data.

Question 5

Your driving record, grade point average, and letters of recommendation might be studied by Cattell, who would call them

A) D-data.
B) L-data.
C) Q-data.
D) T-data.

Question 6

Cattell's background, before he studied psychology, was in the field of

A) medicine.
B) art.
C) science.
D) astronomy.

Question 7

Cattell proposed that the experimental and quantitative phase of the study of personality was preceeded by

A) Intuitive insights expressed through literature
B) Clinically oriented theories supported by some experimental work
C) Both A & B
D) None of the above

Question 8

Cattell classified projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, as

A) D-data.
B) L-data.
C) Q-data.
D) T-data.

Question 9

Responses to pencil and paper self-report tests (such as those that ask subjects to rate how much they agree with statements such as "I generally prefer to be with people rather than alone") are called

A) D-data.
B) L-data.
C) Q-data.
D) T-data.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a description of Sonya Sotomayor by individuals that demonstrate the personality factors of Extraversion and Agreeableness?

A) Warm
B) Generous
C) A team player
D) Ambitious

Question 11

Cattell defined personality as that which permits

A) prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.
B) evaluation of the level of adjustment of a person.
C) selection of an appropriate questionnaire.
D) optimal assignment of individuals to jobs.

Question 12

Cattell derived data from

A) questionnaires.
B) objective tests.
C) life history records.
D) all of the above

Question 13

Cattell defined personality as that which permits

A) adaptation to the social world.
B) becoming all that we have the potential to become.
C) the prediction of behavior.
D) self-esteem and the respect of others.

Question 14

Factor analysis is used to

A) determine how much of personality is caused by heredity.
B) determine whether intervention programs are effective.
C) simplify a large data set with many variables.
D) determine whether a computer program has any bugs.

Question 15

Subjects are asked to tap their fingers as many times as they can in 10 seconds, providing a measure of

A) D-data.
B) L-data.
C) Q-data.
D) T-data.

Question 16

Sonya Sotomayor was diagnosed with Type I diabetes as a child. Her ability to keep the disease well controlled is probably the result of which personality factor?

A) Neuroticism
B) Agreeability
C) Conscientiousness
D) Extraversion

Question 17

Cattell was born and attended college in

A) China.
B) Ireland.
C) England.
D) the United States.

Question 18

A __________ procedure predicts behavior from several variables at once.

A) correlational
B) statistical
C) multivariate
D) MAVA

Question 19

A statistical technique for determining a smaller number of dimensions in a data set with a large number of variables is called

A) analysis of variance.
B) correlation.
C) factor analysis.
D) path analysis.

Question 20

Cattell thought that __________ alone were questionable in assessing personality.

A) projective tests
B) factor analysis
C) self-reports
D) objective tests

Question 21

The set of a person's scores on all 16 factors of the 16PF

A) is called the "profile."
B) must total 100.
C) is a measure of adjustment.
D) is a measure of intelligence.

Question 22

The Culture Fair Intelligence Test is designed to measure

A) the impact of culture on intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) race differences in intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 23

Ergs are

A) dynamic traits.
B) influenced by heredity.
C) comparable to animal instincts.
D) all of the above

Question 24

Heredity determines __________ of the variation in people's intelligence, according to Cattell.

A) none
B) nearly all
C) about 50%
D) about 80%

Question 25

Neurotics typically have low scores on

A) intelligence.
B) ego strength.
C) introversion.
D) all of the above

Question 26

__________ traits are hereditary source traits, such as emotional reactivity, that determine the style and tempo of behavior.

A) Ability
B) Dynamic
C) Surface
D) Temperament

Question 27

Crystallized intelligence

A) is inherited.
B) is developed by the age of 5.
C) is developed by the age of 10.
D) includes the effects of formal education.

Question 28

Underlying patterns of personality, which reappear in a variety of populations, are called (by Cattell) __________.

A) complexes
B) sentiments
C) source traits
D) surface traits

Question 29

Researchers have found what kind of evidence against the inherited "innate ability" interpretation of the Culture Fair Intelligence Test?

A) education does influence fluid intelligence scores
B) zero correlations between parents and children on this measure
C) failure of the measure to predict school performance
D) high correlations between this test and measures of extraversion

Question 30

Two second-order factors on the 16PF are

A) Invia and Premsia.
B) Intelligence and Superego Strength.
C) Extraversion and Stability.
D) Psychoticism and Neuroticism.

Question 31

Cattell thought that __________ factors were required to make good prediction of behavior.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 16

Question 32

__________ traits are motivational traits.

A) Ability
B) Dynamic
C) Surface
D) Temperament

Question 33

Fluid intelligence

A) is easily lost.
B) is a predisposition to do well in artistic endeavors.
C) is a special kind of intelligence that predisposes people to do well in fluid mechanics.
D) is the innate ability to learn.

Question 34

Cattell developed his 16PF by using the statistical technique known as

A) the P-technique.
B) the Q-technique.
C) ergic analysis.
D) factor analysis.

Question 35

Cattell criticized clinicians because of inadequacies

A) in resolving the transference.
B) in their own unresolved complexes.
C) in making diagnoses without using empirical data.
D) in therapeutic interventions.

Question 36

What was Cattell's contribution to intelligence testing?

A) He invented the popular Stanford-Binet intelligence test.
B) He demonstrated sex differences in patterns of intelligence.
C) He devised a measure of "fluid intelligence."
D) He demonstrated that grade point average is a better measure of intelligence than so-called "intelligence tests."

Question 37

Constitutional, dynamic source traits such as anger, curiosity, and fear are called

A) ergs.
B) metaergs.
C) sentiments.
D) attitudes.

Question 38

Scores on the 16PF can be simplified to fewer factors by a technique called

A) correlation.
B) first-order factor analysis.
C) second-order factor analysis.
D) MAVA.

Question 39

Cattell claimed that his 16PF measures

A) adjustment.
B) the surface traits of normal personality.
C) the source traits of normal personality.
D) the effect of heredity on personality.

Question 40

Because of his beliefs about intelligence, Cattell supported __________ in order to prevent a decline of the general intelligence of the population.

A) educational television
B) vitamin supplements to infants
C) early marriage
D) the eugenics movement

Question 41

The lexical approach is based on studying

A) genetics.
B) social interactions.
C) language.
D) childhood.

Question 42

Which of the following does not describe extraverts, according to research on the Big Five?

A) friendly
B) talkative
C) sexually active
D) serene

Question 43

Relationships among attitudes, sentiments, and ergs are diagrammed in the

A) MAVA.
B) specification equation.
C) dynamic lattice.
D) P-technique.

Question 44

The specification equation permits

A) determination of the extent to which a trait is inherited.
B) comparison of a person's test scores with standard norms.
C) prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.
D) determination of the extent to which a trait is influenced by the environment.

Question 45

Currently, a popular alternative to Cattell's model proposes that there are __________ basic factors of personality.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8

Question 46

The most important sentiment, according to Cattell, is the

A) superego.
B) religious sentiment.
C) self-sentiment.
D) subsidiary sentiment.

Question 47

Cattell suggested that studying individual case histories

A) is possible with the P-technique.
B) should be left to clinicians.
C) is not scientifically possible.
D) should be the major effort of personality psychologists.

Question 48

Two psychologists who have researched the Big Five factors are

A) Skinner and Staats.
B) Dollard and Miller.
C) Allport and Odbert.
D) Costa and McCrae.

Question 49

The dynamic lattice shows

A) the impact of heredity.
B) the subsidiary relationships among ergs and metaergs.
C) intrapsychic conflict.
D) personality profiles.

Question 50

Barbara has discovered that participating in a health club satisfies many motivations, including the need for exercise and social motivation. This is an example of

A) short-circuiting.
B) an ability trait.
C) the master sentiment.
D) confluence learning.

Question 51

The Big Five factors provide a model of

A) the major forms of mental disorders.
B) the major factors of personality.
C) the history of personality theory.
D) the major criteria for evaluating personality theories.

Question 52

In principle, behavior can be predicted from personality by adding together several terms in the

A) Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis.
B) dynamic lattice.
C) specification equation.
D) 16PF.

Question 53

The extent to which a trait is influenced by genetics is called

A) the concordance rate.
B) heritability.
C) genetic finalism.
D) expressed phenotype.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is the best example of subsidiation?

A) Intelligence increases with age, up to a certain point.
B) Males and females have different typical personality profiles.
C) We must work in order to eat.
D) Americans tend to be more relaxed than Europeans.

Question 55

Cattell devised the MAVA in order to

A) investigate the contribution of heredity and the environment to personality.
B) give clinicians a better diagnostic instrument.
C) show that he could make clinical diagnoses based on an interview.
D) have an alternative to self-report personality tests.

Question 56

Jane loves her family. Harold is unhappy with his home. Sarah is very religious. These are examples of __________.

A) temperament traits.
B) ergs.
C) attitudes.
D) sentiments.

Question 57

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five factors of personality?

A) Extraversion
B) Neuroticism
C) Openness
D) Aggressiveness

Question 58

Ergs involve a tendency to seek a particular

A) love partner.
B) temperature.
C) goal.
D) level of stimulation.

Question 59

The specification equation includes

A) personality traits.
B) situational factors.
C) temporary factors.
D) all of the above

Question 60

Two important kinds of metaergs are

A) fluid and crystallized.
B) sentiments and attitudes.
C) ergs and energy.
D) temperament and ability.

Question 61

Cattell called the underlying dimensions of personality "surface traits."

Question 62

Cattell devised many measures of personality, but none of intelligence.

Question 63

Cattell is noted for his extensive work on multivariate approaches to personality.

Question 64

Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, are called "Q-data."

Question 65

The Big Five factors have been found in

A) adults.
B) children.
C) other countries.
D) all of the above

Question 66

Cattell's theory suggests that Einstein's intelligence can be attributed primarily to good early
education.

Question 67

It is obvious to everyone that Jane is cheerful; therefore, "cheerfulness" is a source trait.

Question 68

Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotions are __________ of extraversion.

A) invalidation
B) facets
C) opposites
D) operational definitions

Question 69

Cattell defined personality as "the conscious mind, which directs behavior, and the unconscious mind,
which directs dreams."

Question 70

Cattell recommended that researchers use the interview as a way of measuring personality.

Question 71

Sam is a friendly, compliant person who avoids fights and generally goes along with what others want to do. Which factor describes him best?

A) extraversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 72

Cattell thought that Q-data and L-data were separate factors of personality, uncorrelated with one
another.

Question 73

Connie is imaginative and artistic, and more liberal and broadminded than most people. The factor that best describes her is

A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) openness
D) neuroticism

Question 74

A correlation matrix contains correlations among all pairs of variables.

Question 75

Factor analysis is based upon the statistical concept of correlation.

Question 76

Jenny worries a lot and is unhappy and has low self-esteem. Which factor describes her best?

A) introversion (low extraversion)
B) low agreeableness
C) neuroticism
D) conscientiousness

Question 77

Each of the Big Five factors has __________ facets.

A) two
B) three
C) six
D) sixteen

Question 78

The Big Five model

A) describes personality.
B) explains personality.
C) offers a therapy approach.
D) all of the above

Question 79

Cattell devised many tests to measure personality.

Question 80

Ed is neat and self-disciplined, and he studies hard and gets good grades. He is ambitious. Which factor best describes him?

A) neuroticism
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) openness