Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

In the U.S. ,the annual economic burden of schizophrenia amounts to:

A)$5 billion
B)$19 billion
C)$20 billion
D)$39 billion

Answer 1

$39 billion

Question 2

The economic burden of treating schizophrenia annually in the United States represents about ___ the costs of treating all of the other psychological disorders combined.

A)one-fifth
B)one-quarter
C)one-third
D)one-half

Answer 2

one-half

Question 3

Schizophrenia affects approximately ___ % of the American population.

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Answer 3

1

Question 4

Chronic symptoms of schizophrenia:

A)Develop gradually
B)Are less responsive to treatment than acute symptoms
C)Are likely to persist over time
D)All of the above

Question 5

The gene for schizophrenia:

A)Has been identified by many independent research groups
B)Is actually a group of genes
C)Is a group of genes,mostly located on the Y chromosome
D)Seems to differ across cultures

Question 6

In the United States,___ people have a psychological disorder in their lifetime.

A)1 in 50
B)1 in 10
C)1 in 5
D)1 in 3

Question 7

Which of the following is least characteristic of schizophrenia?

A)Anxiety
B)Hallucinations
C)Paranoia
D)Lack of emotion

Question 8

The term schizophrenia literally means:

A)Split person
B)Split mind
C)Split personality
D)Multiple personality

Question 9

Identical twins are ___ times more likely to both show schizophrenia than fraternal twins.

A)18
B)9
C)3
D)2

Question 10

Schizophrenics take up about ___ % of the psychiatric beds in U.S.hospitals.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 11

Research has shown that 20 years after first admission,___% of schizophrenics are fully recovered.

A)10
B)22
C)30
D)45

Question 12

The average age of onset for schizophrenia is:

A)15 years for both males and females
B)During the teens and early 20s for males
C)earlier for females than males
D)25 years for males,and 20 years for females

Question 13

Which of the following statements is false regarding schizophrenia?

A)It is a psychosis.
B)Its diagnosis is on the rise.
C)It is the most severe of the mental illnesses.
D)All social classes are equally vulnerable.

Question 14

Approximately ___ million Americans will develop schizophrenia in their lifetime.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 15

The heritability factor in most studies of schizophrenia is:

A)70-100%
B)60-90%
C)40-70%
D)impossible to calculate

Question 16

Most evidence suggests a ___ correlation between family members for schizophrenia.

A)weak positive
B)weak negative
C)strong positive
D)strong negative

Question 17

In the United States and Canada the annual cost of treating psychological disorders,not counting lost income,is estimated to be about ___ dollars.

A)800 billion
B)500 billion
C)100 billion
D)50 billion
E) 35 billion

Question 18

According to your book,if one identical twin develops schizophrenia before the other,the best protection against developing schizophrenia is to do which of the following?

A)It is best to remove the second twin to a different environment.
B)You should treat the second twin in the same manner as the first twin.
C)You should not worry,since the incidence is so low.
D)It doesn't matter,since genetics is such a strong component.

Question 19

Acute symptoms of schizophrenia:

A)Develop suddenly
B)Are not responsive to treatment
C)Are more common in women than men
D)All of the above

Question 20

Although diagnosis of schizophrenia may be changing in the future,two subtypes of schizophrenia currently recognized are:

A)Paranoid and delusional
B)Delusional and catatonic
C)Paranoid and catatonic
D)Delusional and schizoid

Question 21

Which of the following is not a feature of Type II schizophrenia?

A)Delusions and hallucinations
B)Intellectual impairment
C)Cell loss in the temporal lobes
D)Poor response to dopamine antagonist drugs

Question 22

The first antipsychotic drug was:

A)Imipramine
B)Phencyclidine
C)Chlorpromazine
D)Glycine

Question 23

The notion of a "silent" gene for schizophrenia in twins means:

A)The gene can be expressed in the offspring of the nonschizophrenic identical twin
B)That the offspring of the nonschizophrenic fraternal twin will develop schizophrenia
C)That schizophrenia will "skip" generations in terms of its expression in all twin pairs
D)None of the above

Question 24

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can be characterized as ___.

A)behavioral deficits
B)neurotic behaviors
C)behavioral excesses
D)psychotic breaks

Question 25

About ___ percent of schizophrenic patients are not helped by typical dopamine blocking antipsychotics?

A)90
B)30-40
C)25
D)40-50

Question 26

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be characterized as ___.

A)psychotic breaks
B)neurotic behaviors
C)behavioral excesses
D)behavioral deficits

Question 27

Identifying the genes for schizophrenia is challenging because:

A)Researchers are not consistent in whether they include spectrum disorders in their diagnosis
B)Schizophrenia most likely involves multiple genes
C)The genes involved in schizophrenia each contribute a small effect
D)All of the above

Question 28

Crow's Type I and Type II schizophrenia are characterized by:

A)Positive symptoms and negative symptoms,respectively
B)Early onset and late onset,respectively
C)Genetic-basis and environmental-basis,respectively
D)Institutionalized and non-institutionalized,respectively

Question 29

Type I schizophrenia is characterized by ___.

A)intellectual impairment and positive symptoms
B)poor response to drugs and increased D2 receptors
C)increased dopamine receptors and a good response to drug treatment
D)negative symptoms that are irreversible

Question 30

The genes tentatively identified as being causal in schizophrenia are primarily involved in ___.

A)neural development
B)neurodegeneration
C)neurotransmitter activity
D)All of the above

Question 31

Some schizophrenic patients who are nonresponsive to typical antipsychotics show ___ D2 receptor blockade compared with responsive patients.

A)much less
B)over 90% more
C)about one-half as much
D)about one-quarter as much

Question 32

Drugs that ___ are effective antipsychotics.

A)block dopamine postsynaptic receptors
B)sensitize dopamine postsynaptic receptors
C)increase the rate of dopamine turnover
D)slow the rate of dopamine production

Question 33

Genes implicated in schizophrenia play a role in all of the following except:

A)Glutamate receptor function
B)GABA reuptake
C)Axon guidance
D)Immune responses

Question 34

The first antipsychotic drugs:

A)Were specifically designed to decrease schizophrenic symptoms,although side effects were not understood
B)Were developed only after the genetic links were understood
C)Proved to be deadly to many schizophrenics
D)Were not originally designed as antipsychotics

Question 35

Positive schizophrenic symptoms include:

A)Delusions
B)Flat affect
C)Impaired attention
D)All of the above

Question 36

The idea that genes may predispose a person toward schizophrenia,but the environment contributes as well,is called the:

A)Etiology model
B)Vulnerability model
C)Trigger model
D)Continuum model

Question 37

Antipsychotic drugs were not marketed in the United States until the:

A)1940s
B)1950s
C)1960s
D)1970s

Question 38

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include:

A)Inability to experience pleasure
B)Thought disorders
C)Hallucinations
D)Delusions

Question 39

According to the vulnerability model:

A)Susceptibility varies with the number of affected genes
B)Development of schizophrenia requires genes and environmental challenges
C)The severity of schizophrenic symptoms depends on the degree of genetic inheritance as well as type of environmental challenge
D)All of the above

Question 40

According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia,symptoms occur because:

A)There is too much dopamine activity in the brain
B)There is too little dopamine activity in the brain
C)Dopamine is broken down more quickly than usual
D)"The schizophrenia gene" involves dopamine production

Question 41

Hypofrontality in schizophrenia:

A)Can be demonstrated by the poor performance of schizophrenics on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
B)Is related to a decrease in dopamine levels in that area
C)Can be reversed somewhat by amphetamine
D)All of the above

Question 42

Most schizophrenics have:

A)Ventricles with less CSF than non-schizophrenics
B)Enlarged ventricles
C)Collapsed ventricles
D)Normal ventricles

Question 43

Which of the following is true of atypical antipsychotic drugs?

A)They produce more motor symptoms than traditional medications.
B)They target D2 receptors less than older medications.
C)They work much better than the traditional drugs,some being 50% more effective.
D)They are sometimes called third-generation antipsychotics.

Question 44

Uncle Rico hears voices telling him he's a very bad person.Current thinking is that:

A)He is misperceiving his self-generated thoughts
B)He's misinterpreting some external sound as a voice
C)His sense of hearing is somehow cross-wired with another brain area
D)He has decreased synchrony in the auditory cortex

Question 45

Atypical antipsychotics increase glutamate levels by:

A)Blocking its destruction by enzymes
B)Downregulating the transporter gene
C)Increasing its reuptake
D)Increasing synthesis

Question 46

Tardive dyskinesia occurs with prolonged blocking of:

A)Dopamine receptors
B)Serotonin receptors
C)Glutamate receptors
D)All of the above

Question 47

Which of the following is evidence that suggests dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia?

A)Only chronic schizophrenics show a decrease in dopamine.
B)Atypical antipsychotics occupy dopamine receptors less,while affecting serotonin and glutamate levels.
C)Most of the genes associated with schizophrenia are related to GABA.
D)All of the above

Question 48

The administration of glycine along with an atypical antipsychotic will reduce ___ and improve cognition by as much as ___.

A)positive symptoms,10%
B)negative symptoms,33%
C)negative symptoms,23%
D)positive symptoms,23%

Question 49

The drug(s)of abuse which produce(s)symptoms most similar to schizophrenia is/are:

A)Amphetamines
B)Depressants
C)PCP
D)Steroids

Question 50

Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is not correct?

A)Some have slightly enlarged ventricles.
B)Tissue deficits are found in white but not gray matter.
C)Many of the brain areas involved are found in the temporal and frontal lobes.
D)Brain anomalies have been found in at least 50 different areas.

Question 51

Atypical antipsychotics are ___ more effective than typical antipsychotics and besides targeting D2 receptors,atypical antipsychotics also increase levels of ___.

A)10-15%,glycine
B)15-25%,glutamate
C)15-25%,glycine
D)10-15%,NMDA

Question 52

Which of the following is the most useful indicator for diagnosing schizophrenia?

A)Increased activity in the hippocampus
B)Increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)Decreased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex
D)Decreased activity in a particular part of the hippocampus

Question 53

While it is true that a person with schizophrenia will have a dopamine imbalance,this imbalance might be the result of reduced ___ activity in the prefrontal cortex.

A)serotonin
B)glycine
C)NMDA
D)glutamate

Question 54

Some atypical antipsychotics block ___ of the 5-HT2 serotonin receptors.

A)50%
B)25%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 55

Glycine,which can exert effects at the NMDA receptor,is important because it:

A)Produces symptoms of schizophrenia
B)Temporarily controls the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
C)Temporarily controls the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
D)Can work by itself,without adding another antipsychotic medication

Question 56

Although visual hallucinations are not as common as auditory ones,the visual hallucinations may be due to ___.

A)the hypofrontality effect
B)lack of local connections in the temporal lobes
C)lack of local connectivity in the visual cortex
D)enhanced synchrony in the occipital area

Question 57

According to the disordered connections theory of schizophrenia:

A)The schizophrenic brain is wired haphazardly,inconsistent with the non-schizophrenic brain.
B)Activity in the prefrontal area and hippocampus is not coordinated.
C)Neural impulses are often randomly generated,especially within the prefrontal cortex.
D)The main problem is with gray matter in the temporal lobe.

Question 58

Because PCP produces behavior that in many respects is indistinguishable from schizophrenia:

A)Dopamine is suspected as an important neurotransmitter in schizophrenia.
B)Serotonin is suspected as an important neurotransmitter in schizophrenia.
C)Glutamate is suspected as an important neurotransmitter in schizophrenia.
D)None of the above

Question 59

One of the most serious and intolerable side effects of traditional antipsychotic medications is/are:

A)Hallucinations
B)Severe muscle weakness
C)Tardive dyskinesia
D)Paralysis

Question 60

Antipsychotic medicines have come to be known as ___,which means ___.

A)psycholeptics,to have antipsychotic effects
B)neuroleptics,to have anti-neurosis effects
C)neuroleptics,to seize control of a neuron
D)psycholeptics,to seize control of a psychosis

Question 61

People with mania are often:

A)Sleep deprived
B)Obsessed with sex
C)Drug abusers
D)All of the above

Question 62

The major affective disorders include:

A)Depression and anxiety
B)Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
C)Bipolar disorder and unipolar depression
D)Mania and psychosis

Question 63

Using brain scans,it can be shown that during auditory hallucinations the ___ is active and during visual hallucinations the ___ is active.

A)occipital lobe,temporal lobe
B)prefrontal cortex,prefrontal cortex
C)prefrontal cortex,hippocampus
D)None of the above

Question 64

Reactive depression is:

A)The most severe form of depression
B)The result of an external event,such as a bad relationship
C)Usually treated with drug therapy
D)The result of brain trauma

Question 65

Over the course of an entire lifetime,___ people will suffer from a mood disorder,most likely ___.

A)1 in 10,depression
B)1 in 5,mania
C)1 in 5,depression
D)1 in 4,depression

Question 66

If identical twins share a placenta,their concordance rates for schizophrenia are ___,but if the twins did not share a placenta,the concordance rates are___.

A)50%,25%
B)50%,11%
C)60%,25%
D)60%,11%

Question 67

Atypical antipsychotics ___ auditory gating while ___ can normalize this process in schizophrenics.

A)improve,amphetamines
B)improve,nicotine
C)enhance,glycine
D)reduce,nicotine

Question 68

Although several studies have reported an association between schizophrenia and brain damage that occurred within a few years prior to the onset of the symptoms,these studies have been criticized for ___.

A)relying on the memories of relatives and patients about details of the injury
B)casual or inconsistent diagnosis of schizophrenia
C)failing to control adequately for pre-injury symptoms
D)All of the above

Question 69

All of the following have been reported to occur in the brains of schizophrenics except:

A)Increase in Reelin,causing abnormal formation of layers in the temporal lobe
B)Failure of migration of cells to the outer cortical layers in the frontal lobe
C)Disorganized neurons found in the deeper white layers of the brain
D)Problems with factors that stop cellular migration in the hippocampus

Question 70

In schizophrenia:

A)The brain shows decreased synchrony across several areas
B)Extraneous sounds cannot be suppressed
C)Environmental stimuli can be perceived as threatening
D)All of the above

Question 71

Smoking is more frequent among schizophrenics than in the non-schizophrenic population,probably because:

A)Schizophrenics lack self-control
B)schizophrenics have a neural vulnerability to addiction
C)Nicotine improves auditory gating
D)All of the above

Question 72

Since Napoleon had a history of periods of major depression as well as mania,his disorder would be termed ___,but since his Uncle Rico only had major depression,Rico's disorder would be termed ___.

A)bipolar disorder,unipolar disorder
B)bipolar mania,unipolar depression
C)manic depressive disorder,reactive depression
D)mania,unipolar disorder

Question 73

Evidence suggests that brain deficits associated with schizophrenia are:

A)Usually caused by events that occur in adolescence
B)Often present at birth
C)Typically linked to early childhood brain trauma
D)Caused by vaccines given to children

Question 74

The increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring of older fathers is:

A)Only found if the father is over 50
B)Most likely an epigenetic effect
C)Due to the fact that older fathers are less able to care for their children
D)All of the above

Question 75

Viral infections during the ___ trimester prenatally are associated with schizophrenia.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)All of the above

Question 76

Studies show that ___ of schizophrenics are tobacco smokers.

A)55-60%
B)90%
C)70-80%
D)50-60%

Question 77

Major depression:

A)Can usually be explained by exposure to prolonged stress
B)Always consists of decreased physical activity
C)Generally appears after midlife
D)None of the above

Question 78

Which of the following factors has not been associated with schizophrenia?

A)Birth complications
B)The immune response caused by a viral infections
C)Emotional stress of the father
D)Prenatal starvation

Question 79

Why is adolescence a particularly significant period in the development of schizophrenia?

A)It is a time of brain maturation,affecting connections of temporal limbic areas.
B)Frontal myelination is occurring during this period.
C)Circuit pruning is a major developmental event in adolescence.
D)All of the above

Question 80

Nicotine does all of the following in schizophrenics except:

A)Compensates for diminished functioning of nicotinic receptors
B)Improves negative symptoms
C)Improves working memory
D)Decreases glutamate and GABA release