Exam 14: Psychological Disorders

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The two major brain anomalies in schizophrenia are enlarged ventricles and decreased gray matter volume. Enlarged ventricles refer to the fluid-filled cavities in the brain, which are found to be larger in individuals with schizophrenia compared to those without the disorder. This enlargement is believed to be associated with the loss of brain tissue and may contribute to cognitive and functional impairments in schizophrenia.

On the other hand, decreased gray matter volume, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes, has also been observed in individuals with schizophrenia. This reduction in gray matter, which contains the cell bodies of neurons, is thought to be related to the cognitive and emotional disturbances seen in schizophrenia. It may also be linked to the development of symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

These brain anomalies are important in understanding the underlying neurobiology of schizophrenia and may provide insights for the development of more effective treatments for the disorder.

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Depression is sometimes considered a circadian rhythm or seasonal disorder because it often presents with symptoms that fluctuate based on the time of day or season. For example, individuals with circadian rhythm-related depression may experience worsened symptoms in the morning or evening, while those with seasonal depression (also known as seasonal affective disorder) may experience a worsening of symptoms during the winter months when there is less natural sunlight.

Treatments that work best for these conditions often involve addressing the underlying circadian rhythm or seasonal factors. For circadian rhythm-related depression, treatments may include light therapy, which involves exposure to bright artificial light to regulate the body's internal clock. Additionally, behavioral interventions such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule and avoiding excessive light exposure at night can also be beneficial.

For seasonal affective disorder, light therapy is also a common treatment option, as it can help to offset the effects of reduced sunlight during the winter months. Some individuals may also benefit from antidepressant medications or psychotherapy to address their symptoms.

In both cases, it is important for individuals with circadian rhythm or seasonal depression to work with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific symptoms and needs. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management techniques can also play a role in managing these conditions.