Deck 2: Culture.

Question 1

Shaking our fist at someone or giving them "the finger" are examples of gestures. Gestures make up

A)cultural universals.
B)material culture.
C)counterculture.
D)nonmaterial culture.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Examples of __________ include a sneeze after breathing some pepper in through the nose or the blinking of an eye when a speck of dust gets in it.

A)impulses
B)drives
C)reflexes
D)instincts

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

A)symbols
B)beliefs
C)cultural universals
D)norms

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ____ community encourages families to prepare their food from scratch and to preserve their own fruits.

A)Mormon
B)Japanese American
C)Amish
D)Hispanic

Question 5

Initially, items of __________ begin as raw materials or resources such as ore, trees, and oil. Through technology, these raw materials are transformed into usable items (ranging from books and computers to guns and tanks).

A)general culture
B)material culture
C)basic culture
D)nonmaterial culture

Question 6

Which statement below is true?

A)Most Chinese find cheese a delicacy.
B)Only Judaism and Islam have dietary rules and rituals.
C)In many cultures, round foods (e.g., grapes) are given to celebrate the
Birth of babies.
D)Even among younger generations of immigrants to the U.S.there is a
Resistance to American items like pizza.

Question 7

A(n) __________ is an unlearned, biologically determined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist.

A)impulse
B)reflex
C)drive
D)instinct

Question 8

__________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

A)Technology
B)Nonmaterial culture
C)Cultural universals
D)Material culture

Question 9

__________ consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

A)Material culture
B)Technology
C)Nonmaterial culture
D)Cultural universals

Question 10

Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

A)industrialization
B)technology
C)material culture
D)cybernetics

Question 11

Spiders do not learn to build webs. They build webs because of __________ that are triggered by basic biological needs such as protection and reproduction.

A)instincts
B)impulses
C)reflexes
D)drives

Question 12

__________ is essential for our individual survival and our communication with other People. We rely on it because we are not born with the information we need to survive. We must learn through interaction, observation, and imitation in order to participate as
Members of the group.

A)Social organization
B)Society
C)Technology
D)Culture

Question 13

A __________ is a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

A)country
B)society
C)nation
D)culture

Question 14

__________ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

A)Technology
B)Society
C)Culture
D)Social organization

Question 15

__________ may be based on tradition, faith, experience, scientific research, or some combination of these. Faith in a supreme being and trust in another person are examples.

A)Inspirations
B)Morals
C)Ideologies
D)Beliefs

Question 16

__________ are unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification.

A)Instincts
B)Drives
C)Reflexes
D)Reactions

Question 17

A(n) __________ is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli.

A)instinct
B)reflex
C)drive
D)impulse

Question 18

According to sociologist Ann Swidler, __________ is/are a "tool kit of symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."

A)instincts
B)society
C)reflexes
D)culture

Question 19

A central component of nonmaterial culture is __________, which is the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

A)ideologies
B)beliefs
C)morals
D)inspirations

Question 20

Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of __________.

A)nonmaterial culture
B)symbolic culture
C)material culture
D)cultural universals

Question 21

According to sociologist Robin Williams, we cherish the ideal of __________ for the reason that Americans believe people are responsible for their own success or failure. Those who do not succeed have only themselves to blame because of their lack of ability, laziness, immorality, or other character defects.

A)individualism
B)progress and material comfort
C)efficiency and practicality
D)morality and humanitarianism

Question 22

Which of the following was not cited as a way in which language may create and reinforce negative perceptions about race and ethnicity?

A)Words may have more than one meaning and create and reinforce negative images.
B)Overtly derogatory terms are "popularized" in movies, music, and other forms of popular culture.
C)The "voice" of verbs may overemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements of people of color.
D)Adjectives that typically have positive connotations-such as "qualified"-can have entirely different meanings when applied to people of color as compared with whites.

Question 23

When Winston Churchill held up his index and middle fingers in the shape of a "V," this gesture implied victory in battle; the same gesture, displayed by demonstrators during the Vietnam war, implied "peace." Both of these gestures exemplify

A)symbols.
B)technology.
C)language.
D)values.

Question 24

More recently, sociologists have argued for some emerging core values in the U.S. Which is not one of them?

A)ecological sensitivity
B)honesty, openness and fairness
C)spirituality
D)self-sacrifice

Question 25

Recent data gathered by the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that approximately __________ percent of the people in this country speak a language other than English at home.

A)5
B)17
C)25
D)33

Question 26

__________ theorists view language as a source of power and social control; it perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place."

A)Symbolic interactionist
B)Functionalist
C)Postmodern
D)Conflict

Question 27

Core values of morality and humanitarianism may be __________ with values of individual achievement and success. For example, humanitarian values reflected in welfare and other government aid programs for people in need clash with values emphasizing hard work and personal achievement.

A)material contradictions
B)value contradictions
C)nonmaterial contradictions
D)morality contradictions

Question 28

"American society stands for equal opportunity for all." This statement exemplifies __________ culture, which refers to the values and standards that people in a society profess to hold

A)ideal
B)real
C)material
D)universal

Question 29

__________ is/are a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

A)Beliefs
B)Values
C)Language
D)Norms

Question 30

Latinos in New Mexico and south Texas use __________, which are proverbs or sayings that are unique to the Spanish language as a means of expressing themselves and as a reflection of their cultural heritage.

A)dichos
B)machos
C)nachos
D)memos

Question 31

__________ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive (achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another).

A)Material contradictions
B)Morality contradictions
C)Value contradictions
D)Nonmaterial contradictions

Question 32

__________ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

A)Beliefs
B)Norms
C)Values
D)Assumptions

Question 33

According to sociologist Robin Williams, __________ is an American core value that emphasizes helpfulness, personal kindness, aid in mass disasters, and organized philanthropy.

A)equality
B)achievement and success
C)progress and material comfort
D)morality and humanitarianism

Question 34

A flag is an example of a(n) __________. Flags can stand for patriotism, nationalism, school spirit, or religious beliefs held by members of a group or society. They can also be a source of discord and strife among people, as evidenced by recent controversies over the Confederate flag and what it stands for.

A)character
B)device
C)symbol
D)indicator

Question 35

The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.

A)Helmicki-Kendall theorem
B)Thompson-Murdock principle
C)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D)Smith-Wesson law

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding language is true?

A)Chimpanzees can use elements of Standard American Sign Language and manipulate physical objects to make "sentences."
B)Nonhuman animals are sometimes able to transmit complex aspects of culture to their offspring.
C)Higher apes can manipulate symbols to express abstract concepts and rules, thereby transmitting culture from one generation to the next.
D)Language is solely a human characteristic.

Question 37

__________ theorists tend to believe that shared values are essential for societies and have conducted most of the research on "core" values. Sociologist Robin Williams has identified ten "core" values as being important to people in the United States.

A)Conflict
B)Functionalist
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Postmodern

Question 38

A(n) __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else. Culture could not exist without them because there would be no shared meanings among people.

A)indicator
B)symbol
C)device
D)character

Question 39

Eric is attending classes at the local college. He believes in the idea of success, but he does not spend as much time as he could studying to achieve a higher grade point average. His behavior is an example of __________ culture.

A)ideal
B)real
C)material
D)universal

Question 40

People may claim to be law-abiding, but they engage in behaviors that are illegal. This exemplifies __________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.

A)ideal
B)real
C)material
D)universal

Question 41

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

A)sanctions
B)folkways
C)laws
D)taboos

Question 42

After hitting 60 home runs and leading the league in runs batted in, the league's managers and players voted to award Robert the "Babe Ruth" Trophy. In this situation, Robert has received what sociologists call a __________.

A)positive mores
B)positive value
C)positive sanction
D)positive folkway

Question 43

Some norms are considered to be highly essential to the stability of society. __________ are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

A)Folkways
B)Informal norms
C)Negative sanctions
D)Mores

Question 44

As you are rushing from one class to the next, you absentmindedly forget to hold the door open for the person coming through behind you. The consequence is that the person has the door slammed in their face. Which of the following cultural components has been violated as a result of your behavior?

A)taboo
B)folkway
C)sanction
D)mores

Question 45

After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client, Joyce's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant pay raise. In this situation, Joyce has received what sociologists refer to as a __________.

A)positive folkway
B)positive sanction
C)positive mores
D)positive value

Question 46

__________ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

A)Standard
B)Prescriptive
C)Regular
D)Proscriptive

Question 47

__________ are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

A)Folkways
B)Mores
C)Laws
D)Legislative mandates

Question 48

Norms considered to be less important are referred to as __________, which are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.

A)informal mores
B)folkways
C)informal norms
D)negative sanctions

Question 49

Norms are also classified according to their relative social importance. __________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.

A)Mores
B)Folkways
C)Sanctions
D)Taboos

Question 50

In the United States, __________ include using underarm deodorant, brushing our teeth, and wearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasion.

A)formal norms
B)folkways
C)mores
D)laws

Question 51

__________ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Laws that prohibit us from driving over the speed limit and "good manners" that preclude you from reading a newspaper during class are examples.

A)Proscriptive norms
B)Nonstandard norms
C)Prescriptive norms
D)Subscriptive norms

Question 52

Luke has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his lack of motivation. According to sociologists, Luke has just received a __________.

A)value reinforcement
B)positive sanction
C)norm violation
D)negative sanction

Question 53

Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.

A)informal norms
B)real norms
C)formal norms
D)ideal norms

Question 54

During a sermon in church, a parishioner begins to talk to the person sitting next to her in an audible tone of voice. A man in another pew turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shhhhhhhh." This illustrates a(n) __________.

A)negative informal norm
B)positive formal norm
C)taboo
D)folkway

Question 55

Values provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave. __________ are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct

A)Mores
B)Folkways
C)Sanctions
D)Norms

Question 56

Sociologists stress that a gap always exists between culture. For example, we may claim to be law-abiding (__________) but smoke marijuana (__________).

A)ideal culture; real culture
B)material culture; universal culture
C)real culture; ideal culture
D)universal culture; material culture

Question 57

Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of a __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a __________.

A)value; belief
B)folkway; mores
C)mores; taboo
D)mores; folkway

Question 58

Brian and Jenny went walking in the neighborhood park. Both of them were wearing nothing on the upper half of their bodies. Brian would be violating a __________; and Jenny would be violating a __________.

A)mores; taboo
B)folkway; mores
C)mores; folkway
D)folkway; taboo

Question 59

__________ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

A)Folkways
B)Mores
C)Sanctions
D)Taboos

Question 60

__________ deals with disputes among persons or groups. Persons who lose these types of lawsuits may encounter negative sanctions such as having to pay compensation to the other party or being ordered to stop certain conduct.

A)Civil law
B)Formal law
C)Criminal law
D)Informal law

Question 61

A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

A)contraculture
B)counterculture
C)subculture
D)primary culture

Question 62

Clay is a high ranking executive of the Harley-Davidson Company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On the weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing and often sponsor community service programs. Clay would be considered a member of a(n) __________.

A)counterculture
B)minority culture
C)subculture
D)underground culture

Question 63

Today, over 75 percent of the more than 100,000 Old Order Amish live in __________ where they practice their religious beliefs and remain a relatively closed social network.

A)Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa
B)Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana
C)New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
D)California, Utah, and Idaho

Question 64

__________ is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration, military endeavors, the media, tourism, and immigration.

A)Discovery
B)Diffusion
C)Functional reorganization
D)Rediscovery

Question 65

Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.

A)subculture societies
B)homogeneous societies
C)counterculture societies
D)heterogeneous societies

Question 66

__________ deals with public safety and well-being. When these types of law are violated, fines and prison sentences are the most likely negative sanctions, although in some states the death penalty is handed down for certain major offenses.

A)Informal law
B)Civil law
C)Formal law
D)Criminal law

Question 67

At the Back to Nature Nudist Colony, Brad and Jennifer enjoy taking long walks every morning along the beach, totally nude. Within the colony, which statement best describes the behavior of Brad and Jennifer?

A)Brad and Jennifer are an example of a need for nudist subcultures.
B)Brad and Jennifer are challenging a taboo of the nudist subculture.
C)Both Brad and Jennifer are conforming to the norms of their subculture.
D)Both Brad and Jennifer are conforming to the norms of their counterculture.

Question 68

Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.

A)homogeneous societies
B)subculture societies
C)heterogeneous societies
D)counterculture societies

Question 69

When Napster first enabled users to exchange music files on the Internet, recording companies cried "foul" even though there were no laws to limit such exchanges. This gap between social norms and technology provides an illustration of what sociologist William Ogburn called __________.

A)cultural diffusion
B)cultural lag
C)cultural division
D)cultural leveling

Question 70

Which is not a technique suggested by Daisy Kabagarama for communicating across cultures?

A)get acquainted
B)deal with stereotypes
C)establish trust and cooperation
D)use compliments regularly and extensively

Question 71

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.

A)cultural leveling
B)cultural division
C)cultural lag
D)cultural diffusion

Question 72

__________ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form. Guns, video games, and airplanes are examples that affect our lives today.

A)Discovery
B)Invention
C)Diffusion
D)Diversity

Question 73

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah (the Festival of Light), during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent a __________.

A)rival culture
B)counterculture
C)contraculture
D)subculture

Question 74

Today, discovery most often results from __________. For example, discovery of a polio vaccine virtually eliminated one of the major childhood diseases.

A)scientific research.
B)unearthing natural elements.
C)uncovering existing realities.
D)diffusion.

Question 75

In a six square block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of __________.

A)cultural initiative
B)cultural relativism
C)cultural transformation
D)cultural diffusion

Question 76

According to the text, __________, located in cities such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York, are one of the more visible ethnic subcultures in the United States.

A)Chinatowns
B)Irish enclaves
C)Italian enclaves
D)Latino/a barrios

Question 77

__________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized. Historically, it has involved unearthing natural elements (such as fire) or existing realities (the true shape of the earth).

A)Invention
B)Diffusion
C)Discovery
D)Cultural advancement

Question 78

The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of __________.

A)cultural initiative
B)cultural transformation
C)cultural diffusion
D)cultural relativism

Question 79

A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

A)subculture
B)counterculture
C)contraculture
D)secondary culture

Question 80

__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural circumstances (climate and geography) or social circumstances (level of technology and composition of the population).

A)Cultural relativism
B)Cultural diversity
C)Cultural diffusion
D)Cultural transformation