Deck 5: Groups and Organizations.

Question 1

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

A)social group
B)category
C)aggregate
D)primary group

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The textbook points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions __________.

A)may encourage social cohesion among group members
B)serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism
C)discourage feelings of group superiority
D)are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All men with red hair, all people who wear glasses, all people over 6 feet tall, and all college women who belong to a sorority would be called a(n) __________.

A)clique
B)category
C)model
D)aggregate

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to sociologist Charles H. Cooley, a(n) __________ group is a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A)secondary
B)primary
C)formal
D)informal

Question 5

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A)secondary group
B)formal group
C)informal group
D)primary group

Question 6

Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)William Graham Sumner
D)Charles H.Cooley

Question 7

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

A)ingroup
B)outgroup
C)formal group
D)reference group

Question 8

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

A)social group
B)aggregate
C)category
D)secondary group

Question 9

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

A)ingroup
B)outgroup
C)formal group
D)reference group

Question 10

In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that:

A)formal organizations are secondary groups and have no primary groups within them.
B)all secondary groups are approximately the same size.
C)there are no significant others in secondary groups.
D)some of the people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group.

Question 11

Becky and Eric met in a sociology class at the local college and initially were considered to be members of a(n) __________. During the semester, they started dating and four years later were married. Now they would be considered to be members of a(n) __________.

A)formal group; informal group
B)secondary group; primary group
C)informal group; formal group
D)primary group; secondary group

Question 12

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They share a(n) __________ group relationship.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)formal
D)informal

Question 13

A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).

A)social group
B)category
C)aggregate
D)secondary category

Question 14

Men and women make up __________, as do Native Americans and Latinos/as, and victims of sexual or racial harassment.

A)social groups
B)aggregates
C)formal organizations
D)categories

Question 15

Ann, Gloria, Sandra, and John were college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They studied together for the tests, pooling their notes. Otherwise, they saw each other only occasionally when their paths crossed between classes. Sociologists would term their relationship as __________.

A)a primary group
B)a formal group
C)a secondary group
D)an informal group

Question 16

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered a(n) __________.

A)formal group
B)ingroup
C)reference group
D)outgroup

Question 17

We have primary relationships with other individuals in our primary groups-that is, with our __________, who frequently serve as role models.

A)personal others
B)significant others
C)formal others
D)generalized others

Question 18

Students in a college sociology course, who may interact with others in the class, but who probably will not see many of the students again after the semester ends, is an example of a(n) __________.

A)informal group
B)secondary group
C)formal group
D)primary group

Question 19

Sociologists Robyn Driskell and Larry Lyon concluded that __________ on the Internet do not have geographic and social boundaries, are limited in their scope to specific areas of interest, are psychologically detached from close interpersonal ties, and have only limited concern for their "members."

A)cosmetic communities
B)atmospheric communities
C)virtual communities
D)cyber communities

Question 20

Examples of a(n) __________ include the following: several people waiting for a traffic light to change, shoppers in a department store, and passengers on an airplane flight.

A)aggregate
B)category
C)social group
D)primary group

Question 21

__________ suggest that groups involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served.

A)Postmodern theorists
B)Functionalists
C)Conflict theorists
D)Symbolic interactionists

Question 22

For a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity, which of the following would not constitute a reference group?

A)the Ku Klux Klan
B)the American Civil Liberties Union
C)the National Organization for Women
D)the Council on Racial Equality

Question 23

According to __________, people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs.

A)symbolic interactionists
B)functionalists
C)postmodern theorists
D)conflict theorists

Question 24

Larry and Cathy recently had their first baby and now they are considered to be a(n):

A)affiliation
B)dyad
C)triad
D)accommodation

Question 25

Consciousness of kind best relates to which other sociological concept

A)ethnocentrism
B)cultural relativism
C)ingroup
D)outgroup

Question 26

Sociologist __________ suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)Herbert Spencer
D)Georg Simmel

Question 27

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

A)affiliation
B)coalition
C)dyad
D)accommodation

Question 28

Max Weber discussed the kind of setting or situation where the participation of others is excluded, limited, or subject to conditions. Weber termed this

A)exclusionary membership.
B)inclusive membership.
C)closed relationships.
D)open relationships.

Question 29

A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

A)social group
B)operational group
C)reference group
D)instrumental group

Question 30

Examples of __________ include two people who are best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships. They provide members with an intense bond and a sense of unity not found in most larger groups.

A)coalitions
B)dyads
C)triads
D)affiliations

Question 31

Camryn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school to become a sociologist. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Camryn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.

A)objective group
B)target group
C)standardization group
D)reference group

Question 32

Consciousness of kind can be seen as a special case of

A)ingroup membership.
B)outgroup membership.
C)iron law of oligarchy.
D)virtual community.

Question 33

__________ focus on how the size of the group influences the kind of behaviors that take place among members.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Symbolic interactionists
C)Functionalists
D)Postmodern theorists

Question 34

In a(n) __________, which is a group composed of two members, the active participation of both members is crucial for the group's survival. If one member withdraws from interaction, the group ceases to exist.

A)triad
B)coalition
C)dyad
D)affiliation

Question 35

A group composed of three members is referred to as a(n) __________.

A)triad
B)affiliation
C)dyad
D)accommodation

Question 36

Anne belongs to a sorority. The sorority members share a lot of beliefs and values and feel they are different from other sororities and their members. This would be labeled

A)consciousness of kind
B)outgroup feelings
C)cultural relativism
D)homogeneity

Question 37

__________ needs are particularly important for self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

A)Expressive
B)Instrumental
C)Social
D)Individual

Question 38

When the size of the group increases, the number of possible social interactions also increases. If the group size is 5, how many interactions are possible?

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 39

__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal.

A)Expressive
B)Instrumental
C)Social
D)Individual

Question 40

What is the term used by sociologists to describe the awareness that individuals may have when they believe that they share commonalities with certain others?

A)consciousness of kind
B)outgroup feelings
C)cultural relativism
D)homogeneity

Question 41

__________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has.

A)Relative
B)Hypothetical
C)Absolute
D)Dyadic

Question 42

Suppose you are leading a dozen inexperienced backpackers in the mountains and your group is preparing to settle in for the night around the campfire. You realize that someone in the group is missing and a severe thunderstorm is forecasted. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)cooperative
D)laissez-faire

Question 43

Three major styles of leadership exist in groups. Which of the following is not one of them?

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)laissez-faire
D)cooperative

Question 44

The __________ style of leadership makes all major group decisions and assigns tasks to members.

A)democratic
B)authoritarian
C)laissez-faire
D)cooperative

Question 45

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.

A)Expressive
B)Transitional
C)Relational
D)Instrumental

Question 46

From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

A)premodern
B)conflict
C)symbolic interactionist
D)functionalist

Question 47

The __________ style of leadership encourages group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

A)democratic
B)authoritarian
C)laissez-faire
D)cooperative

Question 48

__________ size refers to the number of members a group actually has.

A)Relative
B)Numeric
C)Absolute
D)Interaction

Question 49

Leadership in secondary groups (such as colleges, governmental agencies, and corporations) involves __________, with written responsibilities assigned to each position in the organizational structure.

A)an informal hierarchy
B)a friendly orientation
C)a clearly defined chain of command
D)a strong personality

Question 50

Joe is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in his sociology class. Whenever they meet, Joe finds that there is conflict between several group members and that other group members are getting upset and are thinking about leaving the group. Joe has a "why can't we all just be friends and get along" attitude. As a result, he is continuously trying to improve group harmony and trying to reduce the conflict in the group. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group.

A)transitional
B)instrumental
C)expressive
D)relational

Question 51

Jane is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. Whenever they meet, Jane finds that the other group members are easily sidetracked and she is always trying to keep the group focused on developing the questionnaire together. Jane would be considered the __________ leader of the group.

A)relational
B)expressive
C)instrumental
D)transitional

Question 52

__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.

A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Relational
D)Transitional

Question 53

The __________ style of leadership focuses on the instrumental tasks of the group and demands compliance from others. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, they may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

A)cooperative
B)laissez-faire
C)authoritarian
D)democratic

Question 54

George is the leader of a task force which is trying to determine whether there should be a change in student housing policies. He has held three group discussions and outlined the steps he feels are necessary to reach the goal of the task force. He allows the group to work at their own pace. After receiving recommendations from the task force members, he offered alternatives he felt should be made. George's style of leadership would be best described as __________.

A)laissez-faire
B)democratic
C)authoritarian
D)cooperative

Question 55

In a disaster like Hurricane Katrina, a(n) _______ leadership style has proven to be most effective.

A)democratic
B)laissez-faire
C)authoritarian
D)autocratic

Question 56

Larger groups typically have __________ leadership structures. Their leaders are expected to perform a variety of roles, some related to the internal workings of the group and others related to external relationships with other groups.

A)more informal
B)more formalized
C)more traditional
D)more nontraditional

Question 57

A therapist tells a couple undergoing a marital dispute that she will not tell them what to do, that the couple has to work out an agreement between themselves. The therapist is using what kind of leadership style?

A)democratic
B)laissez-faire
C)authoritarian
D)autocratic

Question 58

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

A)authoritarian
B)laissez-faire
C)cooperative
D)democratic

Question 59

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.

A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Relational
D)Transitional

Question 60

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

A)Expressive
B)Transitional
C)Relational
D)Instrumental

Question 61

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

A)is relatively uncommon
B)takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership
C)may be more common than most people would like to believe
D)occurs only in totalitarian situations

Question 62

In 2003, NASA engineers expressed concerns about launching the space shuttle Challenger. However, these concerns were overruled and led to a tragic explosion. This is cited as an example of

A)group heterogeneity.
B)the iron law of oligarchy.
C)groupthink.
D)self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 63

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories. Which of the following was not one of the categories identified?

A)normative
B)coercive
C)utilitarian
D)totalitarian

Question 64

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.

A)175
B)225
C)300
D)450

Question 65

__________ is a form of compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

A)Cohesion
B)Obedience
C)Symbolic response
D)Learning

Question 66

__________ is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

A)Group conformity
B)Groupthink
C)Iron Law of Oligarchy
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 67

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.

A)obedience to authority may be more common than many people would like to believe
B)the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure
C)the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
D)groups wield very little power with respect to compliance

Question 68

The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?

A)authoritarian
B)cooperative
C)democratic
D)laissez-faire

Question 69

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.

A)coercive
B)normative
C)totalitarian
D)utilitarian

Question 70

__________ is the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

A)Conformity
B)Anticipatory socialization
C)Enforcement
D)Total expectation

Question 71

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.

A)normative
B)utilitarian
C)coercive
D)totalitarian

Question 72

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

A)democratic
B)authoritarian
C)laissez-faire
D)cooperative

Question 73

Mary is appointed to be a group leader at a business-related seminar. She is only minimally involved with the decisions made by the group and encourages members to make their own choices. This illustrates the __________ style of leadership.

A)laissez-faire
B)democratic
C)cooperative
D)authoritarian

Question 74

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

A)Robert Merton
B)Stanley Miligram
C)Irving Janis
D)Solomon Asch

Question 75

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.

A)subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants
B)subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one?third (33%) of the time
C)subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one?half (50%) of the time
D)subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants

Question 76

On the one hand, the __________ style of leadership may be viewed positively by group members because they do not flaunt their power or position. On the other hand, a group that needs active leadership is not likely to find it with this style of leadership, which does not work vigorously to promote group goals.

A)cooperative
B)laissez-faire
C)democratic
D)authoritarian

Question 77

In reference to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.

A)this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
B)Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway
C)many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic
D)Milgram's findings have never been confirmed by other researchers

Question 78

Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

A)one-quarter
B)one-half
C)two-thirds
D)three-quarters

Question 79

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group experienced __________.

A)the iron law of oligarchy
B)self-fulfilling prophecy
C)group conformity
D)groupthink

Question 80

A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

A)traditional
B)formal
C)secondary
D)primary