Exam 5: Groups and Organizations.

The __________ style of leadership encourages group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations (associations that people are forced to join).

A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________.

Describe the research of Solomon Asch and explain its contributions to our understanding of group conformity.

Summarize Max Weber's perspective on rationality and outline his ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.

The Milgram study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe. None of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied 300 volts. Almost two-thirds went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

Mary is appointed to be a group leader at a business-related seminar. She is only minimally involved with the decisions made by the group and encourages members to make their own choices. This illustrates the __________ style of leadership.

__________ size refers to the number of members a group actually has.

On the one hand, the __________ style of leadership may be viewed positively by group members because they do not flaunt their power or position. On the other hand, a group that needs active leadership is not likely to find it with this style of leadership, which does not work vigorously to promote group goals.

The __________ model of organization is the most universal organizational form in government, business, education, and religion.

An example of a utilitarian organization is a prison.

Class (socioeconomic status based on a person's education, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in mainstream __________ organizations.

According to sociologist William Graham Sumner's theory, Distinguishing between our ingroups and outgroups helps us establish our individual identity and self-worth. Likewise, groups are solidified by ingroup and outgroup distinctions; the presence of an enemy or hostile group binds members more closely together.

Regarding group characteristics and dynamics, discuss sociologist Georg Simmel's theory on group size.

Discuss social psychologist Irving Janis' groupthink theory.

From a functionalist perspective, instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members; this type of leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

Consciousness of kind can be seen as a special case of

__________ needs are particularly important for self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

Gender inequalities are perpetuated in bureaucracies. Women in traditionally male organizations may feel more visible and experience greater performance pressure. They may also find it harder to gain credibility in management positions.