Deck 6: Deviance and Crime.

Question 1

Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.

A)Robert Merton
B)Edwin Sutherland
C)Walter Reckless
D)Emile Durkheim

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to contemporary functionalist theorists, deviance is universal. Which of the following functions does deviance not serve?

A)Deviance clarifies rules.
B)Deviance prevents social chaos.
C)Deviance promotes social change.
D)Deviance unites a group.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

A)Deviance
B)Crime
C)Stigma
D)Violence

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

A)Juvenile delinquency
B)Truancy
C)Youthful misconduct
D)Crime

Question 5

A public execution illustrates which function of deviance?

A)Deviance clarifies rules.
B)Deviance unites a group.
C)Deviance promotes social change.
D)Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 6

__________ involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

A)Interior social control
B)External social control
C)Internal social control
D)Exterior social control

Question 7

The National Gang Center (2010), funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, estimates that in 2007 there were __________gangs with about 788,000 members of all ages in the United States..

A)100,000
B)50,250
C)27,300
D)10,750

Question 8

According to sociologist Robert Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. The goals may be material possessions and money; the approved means may include an education and jobs.

A)opportunity
B)conflict
C)developmental
D)strain

Question 9

Deviant behavior varies in its degree of seriousness, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

A)stigma
B)deviant act
C)crime
D)cultural strain

Question 10

Suppose that a bully comes into town and the residents band together in order to oppose the threat. This illustrates which function of deviance?

A)Deviance clarifies rules.
B)Deviance unites a group.
C)Deviance promotes social change.
D)Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 11

Typically, sociologists and criminologists define a __________ as a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.

A)traveling band
B)gang
C)criminal coalition
D)juvenile conspiracy

Question 12

In contemporary societies, the criminal justice system, which includes the police, the courts, and the prisons, is the primary mechanism of __________ social control.

A)external
B)interior
C)internal
D)exterior

Question 13

__________ is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

A)Sociology
B)Ecology
C)Criminology
D)Ethnomethodology

Question 14

According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?

A)Deviance clarifies rules.
B)Deviance unites a group.
C)Deviance promotes social change.
D)Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 15

According to sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler, __________ have a hierarchical structure, dominated by leaders and exclusive in nature, so that not all individuals who desire membership are accepted.

A)primary groups
B)aggregates
C)secondary groups
D)cliques

Question 16

__________ social control takes place through the socialization process. Individuals observe societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives.

A)External
B)Interior
C)Exterior
D)Internal

Question 17

Societies also have various mechanisms to regulate people's behavior. __________ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

A)Social retaliation
B)Social emphasis
C)Social control
D)Social deviance

Question 18

We are most familiar with __________ deviance, based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions. For example, a person may engage in intentional deviance by drinking too much or robbing a bank, or in inadvertent deviance by losing money in a Las Vegas casino or laughing at a funeral.

A)social
B)cultural
C)behavioral
D)universal

Question 19

Sociologist Robert Merton identified five ways in which people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them. In addition to conformity, Merton classified the remaining four types of adaptation as deviance. Which of the following was not a type of adaptation identified?

A)innovation
B)inoculation
C)ritualism
D)retreatism

Question 20

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept culturally-approved goals and pursue them through approved means.

A)conformity
B)innovation
C)rejection
D)rebellion

Question 21

According to research conducted by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

A)conflict
B)retreatist
C)criminal
D)rebellist

Question 22

For young men who grow up in a __________, running drug houses and selling drugs on street corners make it possible for them to support themselves and their families as well as purchase material possessions to impress others.

A)conflict gang
B)rebellist gang
C)retreatist gang
D)criminal gang

Question 23

Sociologists __________ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures-circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

A)Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales
B)Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C)Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell
D)Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

Question 24

Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types which emerge on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of the following was not a gang type identified?

A)criminal gang
B)retreatist gang
C)conflict gang
D)rebellist gang

Question 25

__________ who focus on power relations in society suggest that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are often defined as illegal. According to this approach, norms and laws are established for the benefit of those in power and do not reflect any absolute standard of right and wrong.

A)Symbolic interactionists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Functionalists
D)Postmodern theorists

Question 26

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts reflect a pattern of __________.

A)rebellion
B)ritualism
C)retreatism
D)innovation

Question 27

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. This person has engaged in __________.

A)retreatism
B)ritualism
C)rebellion
D)innovation

Question 28

Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types which emerge on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. The __________ is devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income.

A)retreatist gang
B)criminal gang
C)conflict gang
D)rebellist gang

Question 29

Street gangs use graffiti to do all of the below except what?

A)mark their territory
B)recruit other gang members
C)increase their visibility
D)intimidate local residents

Question 30

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior illustrates __________.

A)innovation
B)retreatism
C)rebellion
D)ritualism

Question 31

A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior illustrates __________.

A)rebellion
B)innovation
C)conformity
D)rejection

Question 32

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

A)conformity
B)innovation
C)rebellion
D)ritualism

Question 33

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education, but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft, drug dealing, and robbery. This example illustrates __________.

A)deviance management
B)criminal careers
C)illegitimate opportunity structures
D)differential opportunity theory

Question 34

According to the text, "taggers," compared to traditional street gangs typically are all of the below except what?

A)less violent
B)more artistic
C)less threatening
D)more likely to be caught

Question 35

Those who use graffiti primarily as a form of art are called

A)taggers.
B)streeties.
C)art-graffitists.
D)crypts.

Question 36

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

A)rebellion
B)retreatism
C)ritualism
D)conformity

Question 37

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them.

A)innovation
B)retreatism
C)ritualism
D)conformity

Question 38

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

A)retreatism
B)ritualism
C)innovation
D)rebellion

Question 39

Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin stated that __________ gangs are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones. As a result, the consumption of drugs is stressed, and addiction is prevalent.

A)retreatist
B)conflict
C)rebellist
D)criminal

Question 40

Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities.

A)rebellist gangs
B)criminal gangs
C)conflict gangs
D)retreatist gangs

Question 41

According to sociologist Howard Becker, __________ are often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. Becker believes that these individuals use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to establish the rules by which they expect other people to live.

A)professional labelers
B)moral entrepreneurs
C)modern prophets
D)ethical brokers

Question 42

A branch of the __________ perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of the capitalist economic system. This theory is based on the assumption that the laws and the criminal justice system protect the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

A)symbolic interactionist
B)conflict
C)functionalist
D)postmodern

Question 43

Sociologist Edwin Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

A)illegitimate opportunity
B)differential association
C)strain
D)status frustration

Question 44

During the mid-1970s, practitioners of the __________ theory maintained that women's crime rates were going to increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.

A)emancipation
B)functionalist
C)critical
D)ethnomethodological

Question 45

According to the __________, power differentials are evident in how victims of crime are treated. For example, when the victims are wealthy, white, and male, law enforcement officials are more likely to put forth more extensive efforts to apprehend the perpetrator.

A)postmodern perspective
B)functionalist perspective
C)conflict perspective
D)symbolic interactionist perspective

Question 46

The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace.

A)radical
B)liberal
C)Marxist (socialist)
D)conservative

Question 47

__________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity-through engagement with others.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Symbolic interactionists
C)Functionalists
D)Postmodern theorists

Question 48

The fact that drug laws enacted early in the 20ᵗʰ century were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries, illustrates __________.

A)Sutherland association theory
B)Cloward and Ohlin illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Marxist critical theory
D)Merton strain theory

Question 49

Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

A)young, single, rural males
B)young, married, urban males
C)young, married, rural males
D)young, single, urban males

Question 50

Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged. Which of the following is not one of the feminist approaches identified in the text?

A)liberal feminist approach
B)radical feminist approach
C)conservative feminist approach
D)Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

Question 51

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

A)strain
B)illegitimate opportunity
C)differential reinforcement
D)social bonding

Question 52

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking.

A)Career
B)Secondary
C)Primary
D)Tertiary

Question 53

Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

A)strain
B)labeling
C)differential association
D)social control

Question 54

Sociologist Walter Reckless suggest that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions.

A)inner
B)formal
C)outer
D)informal

Question 55

The __________ views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

A)radical feminist approach
B)conservative feminist approach
C)liberal feminist approach
D)Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

Question 56

Sociologist Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ such as supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

A)formal containments
B)inner containments
C)informal containments
D)outer containments

Question 57

According to sociologist Walter Reckless' __________ theory, society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however, some people "insulate" themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion.

A)social bond
B)control
C)illegitimate opportunity
D)differential association

Question 58

The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies.

A)liberal
B)radical
C)Marxist (socialist)
D)conservative

Question 59

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?

A)primary stage
B)career stage
C)secondary stage
D)tertiary stage

Question 60

Based on sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory, which of the following factors was not identified?

A)attachment to other people
B)commitment to conformity
C)involvement in conventional activities
D)willingness to rebel against authority

Question 61

__________ crime consists of actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others.

A)Organized
B)Public order
C)Violent
D)Property

Question 62

__________ crimes involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants. Many people assert that such conduct should not be labeled a crime; these offenses are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

A)Property
B)Public order
C)Violent
D)Organized

Question 63

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. A few people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

A)career
B)primary
C)tertiary
D)secondary

Question 64

Some __________ emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.

A)functionalists
B)postmodern theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)conflict theorists

Question 65

A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death.

A)civil infraction
B)felony
C)tort
D)misdemeanor

Question 66

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

A)Organized
B)Political
C)Corporate
D)Occupational (white-collar)

Question 67

__________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

A)Public order
B)Organized
C)Violent
D)Property

Question 68

According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland, __________ crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

A)corporate (white-collar)
B)political (white-collar)
C)occupational (white-collar)
D)organizational (white-collar)

Question 69

Which of the following actions is not considered to be a corporate (white-collar) crime?

A)pilfering
B)soliciting bribes or kickbacks
C)embezzling
D)loan sharking

Question 70

Which of the following activities is not associated with organized crime?

A)drug trafficking
B)prostitution
C)money laundering
D)insider trading

Question 71

The __________ is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. It has been compiled since 1930 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation based on information filed by law enforcement agencies throughout the country.

A)Law Enforcement Administration Analysis
B)American Criminological Society Bulletin
C)Uniform Crime Report
D)U.S.Census Bureau Annual Report

Question 72

Which of the following crimes occurs least frequently?

A)forcible rape
B)robbery
C)motor vehicle theft
D)aggravated assault

Question 73

Which of the following crimes is not considered to be a felony?

A)rape
B)homicide
C)aggravated assault
D)driving under the influence

Question 74

A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.

A)felony
B)misdemeanor
C)civil infraction
D)tort

Question 75

In the United States, a(n) __________ crime occurs, on average, once every three seconds; by contrast a(n) __________ crime occurs, on average, once every twenty- three seconds.

A)organized; public order
B)property; violent
C)public order; organized
D)violent; property

Question 76

Four types of political deviance have been attributed to some government officials. Which of the following is not a type identified?

A)secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public opinion
B)abuse of power
C)illegal wiretapping
D)prosecution of individuals due to their political activities

Question 77

The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

A)occupational (white-collar) crime
B)political crime
C)legislative crime
D)corporate crime

Question 78

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then shoplift items from stores on numerous occasions. This behavior is an example of __________.

A)tertiary deviance
B)secondary deviance
C)career deviance
D)primary deviance

Question 79

Which of these actions is not considered to be a corporate crime?

A)antitrust violations
B)price fixing
C)drug trafficking
D)financial fraud

Question 80

__________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support. These crimes are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public.

A)Occupational
B)Corporate
C)Political
D)Organizational