Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

Violent crime receives the most sustained attention from law enforcement officials and the media. Some analysts believe there might be a correlation between youth violence and media glorification of physical injury and killing.

__________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

Societies also have various mechanisms to regulate people's behavior. __________ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities.

Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin stated that __________ gangs are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones. As a result, the consumption of drugs is stressed, and addiction is prevalent.

__________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity-through engagement with others.

In contemporary societies, the criminal justice system, which includes the police, the courts, and the prisons, is the primary mechanism of internal social control.

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim, deviance is universal because it serves three important functions: it clarifies rules, it unites a group, and it promotes social change.

__________ is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Sociologist Walter Reckless suggest that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions.

According to the __________, power differentials are evident in how victims of crime are treated. For example, when the victims are wealthy, white, and male, law enforcement officials are more likely to put forth more extensive efforts to apprehend the perpetrator.

Discuss whether or not public order (so-called victimless) crimes, such as prostitution, recreational drug use (marijuana), and gambling should be decriminalized.

According to sociologist Howard Becker, moral entrepreneurs are often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. They use their own perspectives on "right and wrong" to establish the rules by which they expect other people to live.

A key objective of the __________ is to repair the damage done to the victim and the community by an offender's criminal act. It states that the criminal justice system should promote a peaceful and just society; the system should focus on peacemaking rather than on punishing offenders.

In relation to the symbolic interactionist perspectives on deviance, assess sociologist Walter Reckless' control theory and sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory.

Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types which emerge on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of the following was not a gang type identified?

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts reflect a pattern of __________.

African-Americans (of all the minority groups) are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking.

__________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public.