Deck 8: Global Stratification.

Question 1

In 1960, the highest-income 20 percent of the world's population received $30 for each dollar received by the lowest-income 20 percent of the world's population. By 2000, the disparity had __________.

A)increased to $45 for each dollar
B)decreased to $25 for each dollar
C)increased to $74 for each dollar
D)remained stable at $30 for each dollar

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ are said to be countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living.

A)First world nations
B)Second world nations
C)Third world nations
D)Fourth world nations

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population __________.

A)is greater in urban than in rural areas
B)has significantly decreased
C)is beginning to decline
D)continues to widen

Answer 3

continues to widen

Question 4

Low-income countries are primarily __________ with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A)service-oriented nations
B)pastoral nations
C)urbanized nations
D)agrarian nations

Question 5

__________ stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

A)Universal
B)Planetary
C)Global
D)Cosmic

Question 6

__________ has become the primary means used in attempts to reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.

A)Evolution
B)Development
C)Evaluation
D)Degeneration

Question 7

In 1960, the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had more than 30 times the income of the poorest 20 percent of the world population. By 2000, the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had almost __________ the income of the poorest 20 percent of the world population.

A)50 times
B)67 times
C)80 times
D)95 times

Question 8

One problem encountered by social scientists studying __________ and social and economic inequality is what terminology should be used to refer to the distribution of resources in various nations.

A)cosmic stratification
B)universal stratification
C)planetary stratification
D)global stratification

Question 9

__________ nations include China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union.

A)Second world
B)Fourth world
C)First world
D)Third world

Question 10

__________ are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.

A)Relative-income countries
B)Middle-income countries
C)High-income countries
D)Low-income countries

Question 11

The gap in global income differences between rich and poor countries has __________ over the past 50 years.

A)continued to widen
B)decreased slightly
C)decreased significantly
D)remained stable with basically no change

Question 12

__________ were said to consist of the rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems.

A)Fourth world nations
B)Second world nations
C)Third world nations
D)First world nations

Question 13

In 1960, the highest income 20 percent of the world's population received $30 for each dollar received by the lowest-income 20 percent. By 2000, the difference had increased from $___ to $1.

A)40
B)55
C)74
D)92

Question 14

After __________, the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social analysts.

A)World War I
B)the Korean War
C)World War II
D)the Vietnam War

Question 15

The ___________ was introduced by social analysts to distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens.

A)levels of development approach
B)three worlds approach
C)classification of economies approach
D)global distinction approach

Question 16

__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.

A)Middle-income countries
B)Low-income countries
C)High-income countries
D)Relative-income countries

Question 17

The most frequently noted __________ nations are the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

A)third world
B)second world
C)first world
D)fourth world

Question 18

The international poverty line is

A)$1 per day.
B)$20 per day.
C)$50 per month.
D)$750 per year.

Question 19

The income gaps between the richest and the poorest countries of the world are __________ than they are in the United States.

A)more pronounced
B)less pronounced
C)more equal
D)less stratified

Question 20

Approximately ______ people worldwide live on less than $1 per day.

A)50 million
B)150 million
C)400 million
D)1 billion

Question 21

The term __________ refers to material well-being that can be measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

A)standard of living
B)standard of development
C)standard of the economy
D)standard of life

Question 22

About ______ of the world's population lives in the sixty-four low-income economies, where most people engage in agricultural pursuits, reside in nonurban areas, and are impoverished.

A)25 percent
B)33 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent

Question 23

An increase in the __________ means that a nation is moving toward economic development, which typically includes the improved exploitation of natural resources by industrial development.

A)standard of the economy
B)standard of living
C)standard of development
D)standard of life

Question 24

The _______ plan, named after a U.S. Secretary of State provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

A)Albright Plan
B)Baker Plan
C)Southern Plan
D)Marshall Plan

Question 25

Among those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________.

A)women and children
B)adult men and women
C)aged men and women
D)aged women

Question 26

As compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle-income economies typically __________.

A)have a somewhat higher standard of living
B)have high levels of indebtedness
C)export manufactured goods, raw materials and fuels
D)have low levels of indebtedness

Question 27

As a result of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as underdevelopment have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development, and economies are now classified by their __________.

A)material well-being
B)levels of economic development
C)levels of income
D)standard of living

Question 28

According to the World Bank, some nations have been more successful than others in implementing key elements of change and bringing about a higher standard of living for their citizens. Which of the following factors was not cited as visible signs of problems in the transition toward a free market economy?

A)high rates of inflation
B)high life-expectancy rates
C)growing gap between the rich and the poor
D)homeless children

Question 29

The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

A)gross societal income (GSI)
B) gross goods income (GDI)
C) gross national income (GNI)
D) gross economic income (GEI)

Question 30

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle. Argentina, Chile, Hungary, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia are considered nations with __________ economies.

A)upper-middle-income
B)high-income
C)lower-middle-income
D)low-income

Question 31

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by __________ in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

A)President Roosevelt
B)President Eisenhower
C)President Truman
D)President Kennedy

Question 32

About _________ of the world's population resides in the ninety-three nations with middle-income economies.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)one-fifth

Question 33

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income. Bolivia, Columbia, Guatemala, and El Salvador are classified as ____________.

A)high-income countries
B)upper-middle-income countries
C)lower-middle-income countries
D)low-income countries

Question 34

The World Bank focuses on these three development themes in classifying nations into economic categories: __________.

A)people, the environment, and health care
B)people, the economy, and health care
C)people, the economy, and political stability
D)people, the environment, and the economy

Question 35

Nations with low-income economies include __________.

A)Brazil, Honduras, and Afghanistan
B)Vietnam, Tanzania, and South Africa
C)Bangladesh, Mexico, and Nigeria
D)Rwanda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia

Question 36

Which statement concerning south to south migrants is false?

A)These immigrants are often poorer than those who migrate from south to north.
B)They are more likely to travel without paper documentation.
C)They are more vulnerable to (unscrupulous) people.
D)Unlike south to north migrants, they tend not to send money back to their families.

Question 37

Some analysts in developed nations have begun to link growing social and economic inequality on a global basis to relatively high rates of __________ taking place in the underdeveloped nations.

A)divorce
B)infant mortality
C)population growth
D)marriage

Question 38

People living in the __________, the poorest countries, have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.

A)first world
B)second world
C)third world
D)fourth world

Question 39

Many poor women worldwide do not have access to commercial credit and have been trained only in traditionally female skills that produce low wages. These factors have contributed to the __________, whereby women around the world tend to be more impoverished than men.

A)global feminization stratification
B)global feminization of labor
C)global feminization of poverty
D)global feminization of economics

Question 40

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world's population resides.

A)Eastern Europe and Africa
B)Africa and Asia
C)Asia and South America
D)South America and Africa

Question 41

It is estimated that 652 million of Asia's people are poor and that 448 million of them live in __________.

A)India
B)China
C)the Philippines
D)North Korea

Question 42

What is one major result of requiring middle-income countries to make payments on their debts to lending agencies?

A)They limit their exports of raw materials and fuels resulting in global fuel and raw material shortages.
B)They make spending cuts in programs that were intended to help the poor, creating poverty in their country.
C)A large proportion of the resources for private housing are cut, resulting in housing shortages.
D)The World Bank places the monies in education funds for the children in that country.

Question 43

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________.

A)standard poverty
B)absolute poverty
C)relative poverty
D)subjective poverty

Question 44

The World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality what is known as the __________, which ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).

A)Helmicki coefficient
B)Georgia equation
C)Gyro formula
D)Gini coefficient

Question 45

The United Nations and the World Bank now use the term ___________ to indicate all of the goods and services produced with a country's economy during a given year.

A) business national products (BNP)
B)gross national product (GNP)
C)gross domestic product (GDP)
D)gross product assessment (GPA)

Question 46

_________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

A)Absolute
B)Relative
C)Standard
D)Subjective

Question 47

What country has experienced a 270 percent increase in per capita income over the past twenty years?

A)South Korea
B)China
C)Thailand
D)Malaysia

Question 48

__________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.

A)Absolute
B)Subjective
C)Relative
D)Standard

Question 49

__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.

A)Relative
B)Subjective
C)Standard
D)Absolute

Question 50

The World Bank has defined __________ as living on less than a dollar a day.

A)absolute poverty
B)standard poverty
C)relative poverty
D)subjective poverty

Question 51

For low-income nations in a state of economic transition, data on income and levels of consumption are typically difficult to obtain and are often ambiguous when they are available. Defining levels of poverty involves several dimensions. Which of the following was not a dimension cited?

A)how many people are poor
B)how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
C)how long they have been poor
D)how far below the poverty line people's incomes fall

Question 52

Using the gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic growth, a recent World Bank report concluded that nations such as _________ were well on their way to becoming economic powerhouses in the next twenty-five years.

A)China, Myanmar, and Brazil
B)Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia
C)China, India, and Indonesia
D)India, Indonesia, and North Korea

Question 53

_____ is the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.

A)Deindustrialization
B)Economic mobility
C)Capital flight
D)Capital movement

Question 54

__________ is the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or the fact that workers in other nations are being hired to do the work more cheaply.

A)Reindustrialization
B)Capital flight
C)Decapitalization
D)Deindustrialization

Question 55

__________ economies are found in fifty-four nations, including Portugal, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, and Germany.

A)Low-income
B)Lower-middle-income
C)Upper-middle-income
D)High-income

Question 56

_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A) Relative poverty
B)Absolute poverty
C)Subjective poverty
D)Standard poverty

Question 57

South to south migrants are those who move from

A)one part of the country to another.
B)South American countries to southern Latin American countries.
C)one developing country to another.
D)a lower income nation to a country with a high-income economy.

Question 58

Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

A)lower-middle-income economies
B)low-income economies
C)higher-income economies
D)upper-middle-income economies

Question 59

The only significant group of middle-and lower-income economies to close the gap with the high-income economies over the past few decades has been the nations of __________.

A)East Asia
B)Latin America
C)West Africa
D)Europe

Question 60

What is the major distinctive characteristic of using the gross domestic product (GDP) versus the gross national index (GNI) as a measure of economic growth?

A)The GDP does not include income earned by individuals or corporations if the revenue comes from sources outside the country.
B)The GDP includes income earned by corporations from sources outside the country, but not earned by individuals.
C)The GDP includes individual income earned from sources outside the country, but not earned by corporations.
D)The GDP includes incomes earned by both individuals and corporations regardless of source.

Question 61

Which part of the world has the lowest life expectancy?

A)Middle East
B)Latin America
C)South Asia
D)Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 62

The __________ (deaths per thousand live births) is more than eight times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.

A)infant mortality rate
B)crude-birth rate
C)fertility rate
D)crude-death rate

Question 63

Average life expectancy has increased by about a third in the past three decades and is now more than 70 years in __________ countries.

A)53
B)66
C)75
D)87

Question 64

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines a _________ person as "someone who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life".

A)functional illiterate
B)functional literate
C)literate
D)basic illiterate

Question 65

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-income countries is about __________ years less than that of people in high-income nations.

A)15
B)23
C)30
D)35

Question 66

The adult literacy rate in the low-income countries is about half that of the high-income countries. __________ constitute about two-thirds of those who are illiterate in the low-income countries.

A)Men
B)Women
C)Children
D)Adolescents

Question 67

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross domestic product, for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy, education, and living standards.

A)national resource product (NRP)
B)personal socialization index (PSI)
C)Gini coefficient
D)human development index (HDI)

Question 68

The World Bank calculates that __________ of the population in low- and middle-income countries lack the essentials of well-being.

A)25%
B)37%
C)52%
D)60%

Question 69

Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease, and they do not have adequate health care facilities. __________ is a common problem among children, many of whom are underweight, stunted, and have anemia.

A)Alcohol abuse
B)Drug abuse
C)Obesity
D)Malnutrition

Question 70

Which part of the world (at 47%) has the highest percentage of the world's illiterate population age 15 and older?

A)Middle East
B)Latin America
C)South Asia
D)Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 71

There are approximately __________ literate women for every 100 literate men. Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to decreases in childbirth, improved child health, and increased earnings potential.

A)55
B)67
C)74
D)90

Question 72

Health is defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization as __________.

A)a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
B)merely the absence of disease or infirmity
C)a state of optimum health
D)a state of complete happiness

Question 73

According to the __________, human development is the process of "expanding choices that people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and indignity, through expanding capabilities and through people taking action themselves to improve their lives."

A)Peace Corps
B)American Red Cross
C)United Nations
D)North American Trade Organization

Question 74

The average life expectancy at birth of people in middle-income countries remains about ________ years less than that of people in high-income countries.

A)5
B)12
C)18
D)25

Question 75

One major cause of shorter life expectancy in low-income nations is the high _______ rate.

A)crude-birth
B)fertility
C)infant mortality
D)crude-death

Question 76

Approximately ____ percent of the world's illiterate population age 15 and older live in South Asia.

A)23
B)38
C)47
D)60

Question 77

Average life expectancy has increased by about a third in the past three decades. Although no country has a life expectancy rate of 80 years for men, __________ some countries now have a life expectancy rate of 80 years or more for women.

A)12
B)19
C)25
D)33

Question 78

Many people in low-income nations remain in poor health. In fact, about __________ million people die each year from diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses.

A)5
B)17
C)33
D)75

Question 79

According to the United Nations, __________ is the process of "expanding choices that people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity, through expanding capabilities and through people taking action themselves to improve their lives."

A)life expectancy
B)life span
C)human development
D)global development

Question 80

__________ account for most of the 700 million "income poor" people in the world.

A) Women
B)Children
C)Men
D)Adolescents