Deck 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change.

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning the environment is true?

A)The first environmental organization was Greenpeace.
B)Those who hold strong attitudes regarding the environment are also likely to be involved in an environmental movement.
C)The environmental movement started in the 1960s.
D)Environmental groups have been involved in sit-ins, protest marches and strikes.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

__________ is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values.

A)Social change
B)Organizational behavior
C)Institutional behavior
D)Collective behavior

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.

A)Acting
B)Expressive
C)Conventional
D)Casual

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories. Which of the following was not a crowd category identified by Blumer?

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)nontraditional

Question 5

According to sociologist John Lofland, the __________ refers to the "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior."

A)aggregate opinion
B)mass point of view
C)dominant emotion
D)prominent feeling

Question 6

Three major factors contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur. Which of the following factors is not identified as contributing to collective behavior occurring?

A)Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way.
B)Timing.
C)Biological factors that decrease the chances of people responding in a specific manner.
D)A breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness.

Question 7

Examples of a(n) __________ include the audience in a movie theater or people at a pep rally for a sporting event.

A)category
B)mass
C)crowd
D)aggregate

Question 8

__________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions.

A)Protest
B)Expressive
C)Acting
D)Conventional

Question 9

Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a/an __________, which is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

A)administrative organization
B)change-based organization
C)social movement
D)collectivity

Question 10

Students gathered at a college lecture are an example of a(n) ___________ crowd. The event has a preestablished schedule and norms. Because it occurs regularly, interaction among participants is much more likely; in turn, the events would not occur without the crowd, which is essential to the event.

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)conventional

Question 11

The first environmental organization in the U.S. was

A)The Sierra Club. .
B)The American Forestry Association.
C)COYOTE.
D)Greenpeace.

Question 12

Sociologists define __________ as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time. It is usually brought about by collective behavior and social movements.

A)social divergence
B)social change
C)social innovation
D)social conversion

Question 13

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of _________ crowds.

A)casual
B)expressive
C)acting
D)conventional

Question 14

Unlike the __________ behavior that is found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions), collective behavior lacks an official division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and established rules and procedures.

A)informal
B)institutional
C)organizational
D)change-based

Question 15

A(n) __________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

A)mass
B)aggregate
C)category
D)crowd

Question 16

Unlike __________ behavior (for example, in education, religion, or politics), collective behavior lacks established norms to govern behavior.

A)administrative
B)institutional
C)organizational
D)change-based

Question 17

An example of a(n) __________ is the popularity of "blogging" on the Internet. A blog is an online journal maintained by an individual who frequently records entries that are maintained in a chronological order.

A)category
B)crowd
C)aggregate
D)mass

Question 18

__________ crowds are relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact at all, it is only briefly.

A)Conventional
B)Casual
C)Acting
D)Expressive

Question 19

A(n) __________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

A)mass
B)category
C)crowd
D)aggregate

Question 20

Several explanations could be provided in relation to the dynamics of collective behavior. Which of the following explanations is not valid in relation to the dynamics of collective behavior?

A)When people can communicate quickly and easily with one another, spontaneous behavior is more likely.
B)When people are gathered together in several locations, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
C)When people are gathered together in one general location, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
D)People's attitudes are not always reflected in their political and social behavior.

Question 21

Some protests take the form of __________, which is nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

A)civil insubordination
B)civil rebellion
C)civil disobedience
D)civil dismissiveness

Question 22

According to the contagion theory, which of the following statements is valid?

A)People are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they feel they are being observed.
B)A crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person.
C)Crowds encourage individual rationality.
D)Crowds are easily dispersed when the initial contagion passes.

Question 23

Love Canal residents were engaging in __________ behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they "burned in effigy" the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials.

A)aggregate
B)mob
C)riot
D)nuclear

Question 24

A(n) __________ is highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property.)

A)riot
B)collectivity
C)mob
D)aggregate

Question 25

Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer. These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

A)militant
B)protest
C)rebel
D)revolutionary

Question 26

A(n) __________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

A)panic
B)riot
C)mob
D)aggregate

Question 27

__________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.

A)Protest
B)Expressive
C)Acting
D)Conventional

Question 28

Mobs, riots, and panics are all examples of __________ crowds.

A)acting
B)casual
C)expressive
D)conventional

Question 29

__________ focused on crowd psychology and developed the contagion theory.

A)Clark McPhail
B)Gustave Le Bon
C)Robert Park
D)Herbert Blumer

Question 30

In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds.

A)conventional
B)casual
C)acting
D)expressive

Question 31

Examples of a(n) __________ include celebrations after sports victories such as those that occurred in St. Louis after the Cardinals defeated the Detroit Tigers in the 2006 Baseball World Series.

A)aggregate
B)mob
C)collectivity
D)riot

Question 32

__________ argued that people are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.

A)Le Bon
B)Hadley Cantrel
C)Georg Simmel
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 33

__________ can arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control, such as a major disruption in the economy. Although they are relatively rare, they receive massive media coverage because they evoke strong feelings of fear in readers and viewers.

A)Mobs
B)Panics
C)Aggregates
D)Riots

Question 34

A(n) __________ is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target.

A)mob
B)collectivity
C)riot
D)aggregate

Question 35

Examples of __________ crowds include sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes.

A)rebel
B)revolutionary
C)militant
D)protest

Question 36

The most common type of __________ occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger, fearing that few (if any) of them will be able to get away from that danger.

A)mob
B)aggregate
C)panic
D)riot

Question 37

Worshipers at religious revival services and revelers assembled on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York are both participating in a(n) __________ crowd.

A)conventional
B)acting
C)expressive
D)casual

Question 38

Sometimes acts of civil disobedience become violent, as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers. In this case, a protest crowd becomes a/an __________ crowd.

A)conventional
B)acting
C)casual
D)expressive

Question 39

__________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Convergence theory
C)Emergent norm theory
D)Contagion theory

Question 40

According to sociologist Robert Park, social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________, which is the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person.

A)convergence
B)mob psychology
C)circular reaction
D)emergent norms

Question 41

The most frequent types of __________ behavior are rumors, gossip, mass hysteria, public opinion, fashions, and fads.

A)riot
B)mob
C)panic
D)mass

Question 42

Tabloid newspapers and magazines such as the "National Enquirer" and "People," and television entertainment "news" programs that purport to provide "inside" information on the lives of celebrities, are sources of contemporary __________, much of which has not been checked for authenticity.

A)panic
B)fads
C)gossip
D)mass hysteria

Question 43

From the __________, people with similar attributes find a collectivity of like-minded persons with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies.

A)contagion theory
B)convergence theory
C)emergent norm theory
D)psychoanalytic theory

Question 44

Sociologist __________ suggested a classic "trickle-down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

A)Herbert Blumer
B)Pierre Bourdieu
C)Thorstein Veblen
D)Georg Simmel

Question 45

A __________ is defined as a currently valued manner of behavior, thinking, or appearance.

A)style
B)fad
C)fashion
D)craze

Question 46

Following the Los Angeles riots of 1992, some analysts concluded that Korean Americans were targets of rioters because they were viewed by Latinos/as and African Americans as "callous and greedy invaders" who became wealthy at the expense of members of other racial/ethnic groups. This illustrates emergent norms that are __________.

A)reactive
B)proactive
C)restrictive
D)permissive

Question 47

In 1938, actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H.G. Wells's science fiction classic "The War of the Worlds." A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth. The ensuing reaction was an example of __________.

A)mass hysteria
B)propaganda
C)public opinion
D)mob behavior

Question 48

__________ focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior. Because of their individual characteristics, many people have a predisposition to participate in certain types of activities.

A)Circular reaction
B)Mob psychology
C)Emergent norm theory
D)Convergence theory

Question 49

A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

A)style
B)fad
C)craze
D)fashion

Question 50

Some emergent norms are __________, that is, they give people a shared conviction that they may disregard ordinary rules such as waiting in line, taking turns, or treating a speaker courteously.

A)permissive
B)restrictive
C)proactive
D)reactive

Question 51

Applying the convergence theory in his study of a lynch mob, social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that __________

A)the participants came from widely divergent backgrounds
B)the characteristics of the participants made them susceptible to joining a lynch mob even if they did not know the target of the lynching
C)the participants came from the middle-, and upper-middle classes
D)participants knew, and did not like, the target of the lynching

Question 52

Sociologists using the __________ approach seek to determine how individuals in a given collectivity develop an understanding of what is going on, how they construe these activities, and what type of behaviors are involved.

A)emergent norm
B)circular reaction
C)contagion
D)convergence

Question 53

__________ refers to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.

A)Rumors
B)Gossip
C)Mass hysteria
D)Panic

Question 54

Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. __________ behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way.

A)Riot
B)Mass
C)Mob
D)Panic

Question 55

In discussing rumors, the text points out several valid statements. Which of the following statements concerning rumors is not valid?

A)While rumors may spread through an assembled collectivity, they also may be transmitted among people who are dispersed geographically.
B)Rumors thrive when tensions are low and a large amount of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
C)Although they initially may contain a kernel of truth, as they spread, rumors may be modified to serve the interests of those repeating them.
D)Rumors thrive when tensions are high and little authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.

Question 56

__________ is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat.

A)Gossip
B)Rumor
C)Mass hysteria
D)Panic

Question 57

__________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

A)Mass hysteria
B)Gossip
C)Fads
D)Panic

Question 58

__________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.

A)Convergence
B)Contagion
C)Emergent norm
D)Circular reaction

Question 59

Drawing on the __________ perspective, sociologists Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian asserted that crowds develop their own definition of a situation and establish norms for behavior that fit the occasion.

A)functionalist
B)symbolic interactionist
C)conflict
D)postmodernist

Question 60

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on __________.

A)clothing, especially women's apparel
B)men's accessories
C)the t-shirt craze
D)hairstyles

Question 61

In a study of public opinion on environmental issues, sociologist Riley Dunlap found that public awareness of the seriousness of environmental problems and support for environmental protection __________.

A)decreased precipitously during the 1980s
B)increased dramatically between the late 1960s and the 1990s
C)has remained unchanged for the past three decades
D)is extremely difficult to measure accurately

Question 62

__________ is measured through polls and surveys, which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. It varies widely based on race/ethnicity, religion, region, social class, education level, sex/gender, and age.

A)Public sentiment
B)Public persuasion
C)Public opinion
D)Public conviction

Question 63

According to the text, social movements __________.

A)are more likely to develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial ones
B)make democracy less available to some excluded groups
C)usually relies on paid employees to carry out the work
D)never resists change

Question 64

When sociologist Kai Erikson pointed out that people face a "new species of trouble," he was referring to __________.

A)new diseases for which there is no known cure
B)inhabitants of other planets that may be discovered by space exploration in the twenty-first century
C)natural disasters, such as hurricanes and earthquakes that have more deadly force than previous ones
D)technological disasters, such as toxic chemical pollution or radiation leakage

Question 65

__________ movements seek to bring about a total change in society. These movements usually do not attempt to work within the existing system; rather, they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones.

A)Reform
B)Religious (expressive)
C)Alternative
D)Revolutionary

Question 66

The terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001, are examples of __________ movements.

A)alternative
B)reform
C)revolutionary
D)resistance (regressive)

Question 67

__________ consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.

A)Public conviction
B)Public persuasion
C)Public sentiment
D)Public opinion

Question 68

__________ movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems. They are concerned with renovating or renewing people through "inner change."

A)Alternative
B)Reform
C)Resistance (regressive)
D)Religious (expressive)

Question 69

__________ movements seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure. Members usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy so that it more adequately reflects their own value system.

A)Revolutionary
B)Reform
C)Alternative
D)Resistance (regressive)

Question 70

Recently, a variety of "New Age" movements have directed people's behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology. This is an example of __________ movements.

A)resistance (regressive)
B)revolutionary
C)alternative
D)religious (expressive)

Question 71

Radical terrorists who use fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically is an example of __________ movements.

A)revolutionary
B)religious (expressive)
C)alternative
D)reform

Question 72

Some religious movements are __________, that is, they forecast that "the end is near" and assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative.

A)prophetic
B)millenarian
C)priestly
D)revolutionary

Question 73

__________ movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.

A)Alternative
B)Religious (expressive)
C)Revolutionary
D)Reform

Question 74

__________ movements seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred.

A)Alternative
B)Revolutionary
C)Reform
D)Resistance (regressive)

Question 75

Sociologist __________ asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy.

A)Georg Simmel
B)Thorstein Veblen
C)Pierre Bourdieu
D)Herbert Blumer

Question 76

Which statement concerning social movements is false?

A)Most rely on volunteers.
B)They give people who otherwise would not have the resources to enter politics a chance to do so.
C)They made democracy more available to excluded groups.
D)They can be easily categorized by their ideology.

Question 77

The Weathermen was a radical group that was recognizable for many robberies and bombings of buildings. They could be classified as what type of movement?

A)reform
B)revolutionary
C)religious
D)reactionary

Question 78

As the masses attempt to influence elites and vice versa, a two-way process occurs with the dissemination of __________ ,which is information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

A)propaganda
B)rumor
C)public opinion
D)cultural capital

Question 79

__________ is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action. It differs from collective behavior because it tends to be longer lasting, is more organized, and has specific goals or purposes.

A)A revolution
B)Civil disobedience
C)A social movement
D)An interest collectivity

Question 80

Examples of __________ include labor movements, animal rights movements, antinuclear movements, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), and the disability rights movement.

A)revolutionary movements
B)alternative movements
C)reform movements
D)resistance (regressive) movements