Deck 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory

Question 1

According to Rogers, when a person distorts behavior so as to make it consistent with the self, it is called

A) fantasy.
B) projection.
C) rationalization.
D) subception.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Rogers' theory of personality emphasized

A) attitudes.
B) beliefs.
C) change.
D) stability.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Research suggests that relative to externally determined goals, the pursuit of autonomous goals results in

A) greater effort and persistence.
B) better physical health.
C) better psychological health.
D) all of the above.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not associated with the size of self-ideal discrepancy?

A) anxiety.
B) depression.
C) coronary heart disease.
D) they are all associated.

Question 5

Evidence suggests a relationship between alcohol abuse and

A) subception.
B) repression.
C) self-ideal congruence.
D) self-consciousness.

Question 6

According to Rogers, which defense the person uses

A) is determined by fixations at stages of development.
B) depends on parental appraisals.
C) is associated with social class.
D) is not specified in the theory.

Question 7

Of the following, Rogers was most interested in developing a

A) theory of change.
B) school of therapy.
C) means of measuring personality.
D) form of religion.

Question 8

Rogers' attitude toward making differential diagnoses in psychopathology might be summed up in the following statement.

A) Differential diagnoses help a therapist to design individualized treatment programs.
B) Differential diagnoses are useful in that they help point out the individual's specific problem areas.
C) Differential diagnoses are relatively worthless as aids to psychotherapy.
D) None of the above.

Question 9

According to Rogers, the healthy person can

A) deny feelings incongruent with the self.
B) be clear about his or her feelings.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 10

The concept of flow relates to

A) water pressure on the brain.
B) positive states of consciousness.
C) the effects of rewards on performance.
D) the pleasure of water sports.

Question 11

Within the Rogerian framework, the neurotic person is a person

A) whose psychic energy is released indirectly through pathological behavior because direct expression of needs and drives would be too threatening to the self.
B) whose self-concept reflects nothing more than his organismic experience.
C) whose self-concept does not reflect accurately organismic experience.
D) both (a) and (b).

Question 12

The ultimate goal for Rogers was a

A) state of organism-self congruence.
B) life free of anxiety.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 13

Which is not a defense mentioned by Rogers?

A) distortion.
B) denial.
C) projection.
D) sublimation.

Question 14

We are most able to self-actualize under conditions of

A) self-worth.
B) self-enhancement.
C) stress.
D) incongruence.

Question 15

The classification of defenses is

A) more critical to Freud than Rogers.
B) more critical to Rogers than Freud.
C) essential to both.
D) essential to neither.

Question 16

Research suggests that differences between the pursuit of intrinsic and extrinsic goals

A) are universal.
B) are culture-specific.
C) are unreliable.
D) are yet to be found.

Question 17

Most research on the relation between views of the self and psychopathology suggest

A) a small self-ideal discrepancy.
B) no consistent relationships.
C) a curvilinear self-ideal discrepancy.
D) a large self-ideal discrepancy.

Question 18

According to self-determination theory

A) people are innately rebellious.
B) people function at their best performing out of anxiety.
C) people prefer freely chosen to compelled activities.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

Research suggests that psychological health is associated with

A) small self-ideal self discrepancy.
B) large self-undesired self discrepancy.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 20

According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for

A) anxiety.
B) denial and distortion.
C) psychopathology.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

In therapy, Rogers would be likely to use

A) free association.
B) dream analysis.
C) verbal self reports.
D) none of the above.

Question 22

Successes and failures that influence self-esteem are referred to as

A) contingencies of self-worth.
B) subceptions and perceptions.
C) distortions and defenses.
D) the phenomenal field.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of client-centered therapy?

A) belief in the capacity of the client.
B) emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
C) emphasis on a detached therapist attitude.
D) emphasis on using therapy for research.

Question 24

Improvement in client-centered therapy has been found to be associated with

A) stronger defenses.
B) healthier reflected appraisals.
C) lower self-ideal discrepancies.
D) all of the above.

Question 25

Freud emphasized strict neutrality on the part of the therapist. Rogers would

A) agree with this.
B) disagree with this.
C) say it depends on the patient.
D) one cannot say.

Question 26

Which is not a change associated with client-centered therapy?

A) increased use of the values of others to make decisions.
B) increased flexibility of experience.
C) greater acceptance of positive feelings from others.
D) none of the above.

Question 27

Work on contingencies of self-worth indicates that people's self-esteem

A) is inherited.
B) is stable, or unchanging.
C) fluctuates.
D) is unaffected by everyday life events.

Question 28

An important finding from Rogers' work is that

A) therapy may actually worsen the condition of some patients.
B) the therapeutic climate depends on the patient.
C) the therapeutic climate is only somewhat important.
D) none of the above.

Question 29

Research indicates that clients

A) are sensitive to differences among therapists from different schools.
B) report different changes associated with different forms of therapy.
C) emphasize different causal factors associated with different therapies.
D) none of the above.

Question 30

Which is not a distinguishing characteristic of client-centered therapy?

A) emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
B) belief in the capacity of the client.
C) importance of diagnoses.
D) belief in a predictable therapeutic process.

Question 31

In terms of therapy, Rogers suggested that the therapist

A) maintain strict control of the sessions.
B) trust the basic striving of the person.
C) avoid the development of transference situations.
D) encourage the development of the transference.

Question 32

For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is

A) free association of ideas.
B) the therapeutic atmosphere.
C) catharsis.
D) sympathy.

Question 33

Rogers believes that the therapeutic climate is the critical variable in therapy and that the proper climate is established if the therapist provides three conditions. Which of the following is not one of those conditions?

A) congruence.
B) empathic understanding.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) non-judgmental detachment.

Question 34

The emphasis on the therapist being honest is associated with the concept of

A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) reflected appraisals.

Question 35

Rogers' views concerning therapeutic factors can be tied to

A) his theory of growth and development.
B) the psychoanalytic concept of transference.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 36

The concept most relevant to Rogers' views concerning therapy is

A) transference.
B) self-ideal discrepancy.
C) construct change.
D) therapeutic climate.

Question 37

Rogers disagreed with Freud on which of the following statements?

A) The goal of therapy is the proper channeling of wishes.
B) Past experiences play an important role in anxiety.
C) Conflict is basic to psychopathology.
D) Defenses play a role in psychopathology.

Question 38

The ability of the therapist to comprehend the phenomenal field of the patient is associated with the concept of

A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) reflected appraisal.

Question 39

The conditions that Rogers emphasizes as necessary therapeutic conditions are

A) empathic understanding and skill training.
B) skill training and positive regard.
C) relaxation training and congruence.
D) none of the above.

Question 40

Rogers' theory of change provides for

A) if-then statements.
B) what the therapist should say under various conditions.
C) has yet to be tested.
D) cannot be tested.

Question 41

In Tugade and Fredrickson's (2004) study on the role of positive emotions in dealing with stress, which finding suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress?

A) People who scored high on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
B) People who scored high on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
C) People who scored low on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
D) People who scored low on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.

Question 42

Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are

A) the strongest predictor of life outcomes.
B) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after intelligence.
C) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after socioeconomic status.
D) only weakly related to life outcomes.

Question 43

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, "I became completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people"?

A) Existentialism.
B) Broadening.
C) Resilience.
D) Flow.

Question 44

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except

A) self-actualization.
B) fulfillment of potential.
C) human narcissism and altruism.
D) openness to experience.

Question 45

Cross-cultural research on the self

A) fully supports Rogers' views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers' views about the need for positive regard.
C) calls into questions some of Rogers' ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers' ideas about the self.

Question 46

During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward

A) greater self acceptance.
B) greater self awareness.
C) greater independence.
D) all of the above.

Question 47

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by

A) Goldstein.
B) Maslow.
C) Adler.
D) Frankl.

Question 48

Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those who identify themselves as positive psychologists?

A) Freud placed too much emphasis on psychopathology and psychological distress.
B) Rogers's and Maslow's emphasis on human potentials provided good models for psychological theorizing.
C) The result of Freud having based his theory on his clinical work is that current psychological theories overemphasize human potentials.
D) To bring attention to the positive side of human nature would be to fill in an overly wide gap in our current understanding of individuals.

Question 49

Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that

A) the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia vs. North America.
B) people in Asia have higher self-esteem than people in North America.
C) self-esteem does not exist in Asia as a distinct psychological variable.
D) none of the above.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?

A) They are accepting of self and others.
B) They conform readily.
C) They are capable of independence.
D) They are capable of intimacy.

Question 51

Which of the following is not one of the personality characteristics emphasized by Maslow in describing self-actualizing individuals?

A) spontaneous and creative.
B) responsiveness to the demands of reality.
C) varied interpersonal relationships with many people.
D) resistance to conformity and assertiveness.

Question 52

In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), it was found that people who experienced _____ emotions during a stressful event experienced ______ stress.

A) Positive; less
B)Fewer; less
C) Positive; more
D) Fewer; more

Question 53

What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues' development of a classification of human strengths?

A) To bring the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists.
B) To foster systematic research on the positive side of human nature.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.

Question 54

Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as

A) the "third force."
B) the "final frontier."
C) a lost cause.
D) the only hope for the future.

Question 55

Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to as "flow"?

A) A high level of focused attention.
B) Involvement in an activity such that time seems to fly by.
C) A sense of intrinsic enjoyment in the activity.
D) A temporary loss of self-consciousness.
E) All of the above characterize "flow."

Question 56

The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of

A) the extent to which a person behaves in accord with the self.
B) consistency of behavior across situations.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 57

In the case of Mrs. Oak

A) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy but decreased after follow-up.
B) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy and further decreased after follow-up.
C) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy and increased after follow-up.
D) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy but increased after follow-up.

Question 58

Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?

A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) elimination of defense mechanism.

Question 59

Maslow characterized actualizing people as being

A) able to accept themselves.
B) able to accept others.
C) able to form intimate relationships.
D) all of the above.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?

A) Autonomy
B) Certainty
C) Competence
D) Relatedness

Question 61

How might behaviorists respond to Sartre's claim that we have unique mental capacities that give us free will?

A) They might agree, on the basis of the belief that behavior is largely determined by controllable conscious processes.
B) They might disagree, on the basis of the belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
C) They might disagree, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
D) They might agree, citing the universality of certain symbols or "archetypes."

Question 62

The approach known as existentialism

A) is new to psychology.
B) has an established place in psychology.
C) influenced the thinking of Rogers and Freud.
D) none of the above.

Question 63

Existentialists are concerned with

A) death.
B) life.
C) experience.
D) all of the above.

Question 64

A criticism of the existential approach is that it

A) does not get at how people experience living.
B) abandons hope of lawful prediction.
C) is dehumanizing.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

According to terror management theory, if cultural beliefs buffer against fear of death, and if people are induced to think about death, then they should display a stronger-than-usual need to _______, and to _______, their cultural beliefs.

A) question; refine
B) eschew; reject
C) possess; defend
D) repress; deny

Question 66

Which of the following is not a major aspect of the existential view?

A) concern with death.
B) the individual as unique.
C) the individual as not having responsibility.
D) emphasis on personal meaning.

Question 67

The major prediction of terror management theory is that if one manipulates the degree to which one is thinking about ______, there should be differences in the degree that people need ____________.

A) the self; their cultural worldviews
B) death; their cultural worldviews
C) the self; unconditional positive regard
D) death; unconditional positive regard

Question 68

On what basis does the existentialist Sartre claim that humans have free will, whereas physical objects or animals do not?

A) People have mental capacities, such as the ability to think about the future and imagine how things might be different.
B) People have a hierarchy of needs, ranging from the biological to that of self-actualization.
C) People have evolved mental modules for dealing with the problems that were important in our evolutionary past, including the problem of what to choose.
D) None of the above.

Question 69

A problem with Rogerian research on the self is

A) inadequate attention is given to what is experienced.
B) inadequate attention is given to individual differences.
C) inadequate attention is given to defensive processes.
D) all of the above.

Question 70

The Freudian and Rogerian views

A) both emphasize the development of symptoms.
B) both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense.
C) both emphasize the struggle with drives.
D) both emphasize structural conflicts.

Question 71

What did Sartre mean by his claim that "existence precedes essence"?

A) Humans are born with essential qualities, which are modified by experiences with the world.
B) Humans have evolved adaptations that are immutable in the face of experience; this is their essence.
C) Humans are born with a strong preference for existence; this is their essence.
D) Humans are not born with essential qualities; rather, those qualities develop as they experience the world.

Question 72

According to the text,

A) it is impossible to be completely phenomenological.
B) self-report data are worthless.
C) Rogers ignores systematic inquiry.
D) all of the above.

Question 73

Terror management's predictions rest on what major assumptions?

A) People have a desire to live.
B) People are aware of the inevitability of death.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.

Question 74

According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of

A) fulfillment of the will-to-meaning.
B) fulfillment of the will-to-power.
C) fulfillment of the drive-for-sex.
D) all of the above.

Question 75

Frankl's method of therapy was known as

A) gestalt therapy.
B) guten therapy.
C) logotherapy.
D) behavior therapy.

Question 76

Rogers's theory is said to share themes developed by existentialists such as Kierkegaard. Which of the following is an example of such a theme?

A) Despair associated with failing to live up to one's potential.
B) Fear that one is attracted to the opposite sex parent.
C) Tension associated with struggle between aspects of one's persona.
D) All of the above exemplify themes shared by Rogers and existentialists.

Question 77

According to terror management theory, what factor(s) buffer(s) individuals against the anxiety associated with the inevitability of death?

A) Social and cultural institutions that furnish meaning in life.
B) Unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.
C) Contents of the collective unconscious, including the self archetype.
D) The belief that existence precedes essence.

Question 78

How might Freud have responded to Sartre's claim that people have unique mental capacities that give us free will?

A) He would have agreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by controllable conscious processes.
B) He would have disagreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
C) He would have disagreed, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
D) He would have agreed, citing the universality of certain symbols or "archetypes."

Question 79

Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach

A) is the only one for psychology.
B) can be supplemented by other approaches.
C) ultimately has little to offer.
D) suffers from not being objective.

Question 80

According to the existential view, certain problems

A) are inherent in the nature of existence.
B) are existential in being derived from neurotic conflict.
C) are due to the nature of the instinct.
D) are due to unconscious forces.