Deck 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

Question 1

Dean associates certain activities, roles, and traits as being typical for either males or females. His associations conform to cultural stereotypes and encompass many gender-linked responses. This is an example of gender

A) atypicality.
B) roles.
C) typing.
D) identity.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

By the end of the school years, most children view gender-typed behavior

A) as inborn and fixed.
B) as socially influenced.
C) as unaffected by home rearing environments.
D) in mostly the same manner as they did at age 5.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following traits is considered expressive?

A) excitable in a major crisis
B) takes a stand
C) not easily influenced
D) holds up well under pressure

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Gender stereotypes tend to

A) cast men in a generally positive light and women in a negative light.
B) imply that expressive traits are more desirable than instrumental traits.
C) cast women in a generally positive light and men in a negative light.
D) strengthen in middle childhood and peak in adolescence.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to the public face of gender in society?

A) gender stereotypes and gender roles
B) gender stereotypes and gender identity
C) gender roles and gender identity
D) gender identity and gender typing

Question 6

Which of the following traits is considered instrumental?

A) emotional
B) self-confident
C) needs approval
D) considerate

Question 7

People in Country A hold a widely shared set of beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females. They believe that females are passive and males are aggressive. Country A's beliefs represent gender

A) identities.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) types.

Question 8

In several recent investigations carried out in Canada, France, and the United States, a majority of elementary and secondary school students

A) believed that boys are better at language arts than girls.
B) continued to view math as a "feminine" subject.
C) disagreed with the idea that math is a "masculine" subject.
D) perceived girls as able to do better in math than in language arts.

Question 9

Gender-stereotype flexibility rises as children develop

A) an understanding that males and females have different abilities and preferences.
B) noticeable physical and pubertal changes.
C) social skills that enable them to work and play with members of the other sex.
D) the cognitive capacity to integrate conflicting social cues.

Question 10

Children's knowledge of personality trait stereotypes is first acquired through

A) in-group favoritism.
B) out-group favoritism
C) interactions with other-sex peers.
D) interactions with same-sex siblings.

Question 11

The association of toys, articles of clothing, tools, household items, games, occupations, colors, and behaviors with one sex or the other occurs

A) when children lack access to androgynous role models.
B) in elementary school.
C) earlier for girls than for boys.
D) by the preschool years.

Question 12

During early childhood, gender-stereotyped beliefs

A) weaken.
B) first emerge.
C) strengthen.
D) disappear.

Question 13

Reflecting the gender stereotypes of his age group, 4-year-old Youssef is likely to say that

A) it is OK for boys to dress up in skirts or jewelry.
B) girls cannot be doctors or police officers.
C) girls can grow up to be anything they want to be.
D) it is OK if boys want to play with dolls.

Question 14

Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associated-but not defining-features of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics and capacities

A) do not yet encompass conflicting information.
B) tend to be one-sided judgments.
C) rely on gender labels.
D) become more flexible.

Question 15

In both Asian and Western nations,

A) boys and girls feel equally competent at math, science, and language arts.
B) although girls outperform boys at language arts, they feel less competent about their performance in these subjects.
C) although boys outperform girls at math and science, they feel less competent about their performance in these subjects.
D) boys tend to feel more competent than girls at math, science, and athletics, and girls feel more competent than boys at language arts.

Question 16

Which of the following academic subjects does 9-year-old Sabra most likely view as "feminine"?

A) mathematics
B) social studies
C) science
D) reading

Question 17

In a study in which 20- to 40-year-olds were shown photos of children and adults and asked to rate each on "masculine," "feminine," and "neutral" personality traits, adults

A) differentiated men from women more sharply than they did boys from girls.
B) differentiated girls from women more sharply than they did boys from men.
C) differentiated boys from girls more sharply than they did men from women.
D) had great difficulty assigning gender-stereotyped traits based on photos.

Question 18

Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits becomes adultlike around age _____.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 11
D) 15

Question 19

Dimitri believes that girls can be firefighters and boys can be caregivers for their children. Dimitri's beliefs illustrate

A) androgyny.
B) gender-stereotype flexibility.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender stability.

Question 20

Competence, rationality, and assertiveness are examples of __________ traits that are typically considered to be __________.

A) expressive; feminine
B) expressive; masculine
C) instrumental; feminine
D) instrumental; masculine

Question 21

Androgens are administered prenatally to a female cat. What outcome could be expected?

A) a decrease in active play
B) a decrease in aggression
C) suppression of maternal caregiving
D) an increase in nesting behavior

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about gender-stereotype flexibility?

A) Acknowledging that boys and girls can cross gender lines does not mean that children always approve of doing so.
B) Western children are especially tolerant when boys engage in "cross-gender" acts.
C) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in "cross-gender" acts.
D) Once children are old enough to acknowledge that boys and girls can cross gender lines, they always approve of doing so.

Question 23

__________ causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of __________ from the prenatal period onward.

A) Diabetes; blood sugar
B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; androgens
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; estrogen
D) Anoxia at birth; androgens

Question 24

Which of the following children would be judged most harshly by other children?

A) Monica, who does not like to play with dolls
B) Kate, who likes to play football
C) Roger, who likes to play with dolls
D) Eric, who does not like to play with younger children

Question 25

In adolescence and adulthood, higher-SES individuals tend to hold more __________ gender-stereotyped views than their lower-SES counterparts.

A) flexible
B) rigid
C) favorable
D) unfavorable

Question 26

According to an evolutionary perspective, the adult life of our male ancestors was largely oriented toward

A) competing for mates.
B) hunting for food.
C) protecting the clan.
D) child rearing.

Question 27

Because cross-cultural findings on the reversals of traditional gender roles are inconclusive, a more direct test of the importance of biology on gender typing could be achieved by

A) testing the impact of sex hormones on gender typing.
B) studying adolescent boys and girls in tribal villages.
C) observing infant behavioral preferences immediately after birth.
D) observing other-sex play in children who score high in androgyny.

Question 28

Gordon, an African-American male, is used to seeing the women in his family going to work every day. As a result, Gordon will most likely

A) believe that women should stay at home and take care of children.
B) expect to be a stay-at-home father when he becomes an adult.
C) hold rigid stereotypes of males and females.
D) hold less stereotyped views of females than do Caucasian-American children.

Question 29

Peter is a Swedish adolescent. He is likely to view gender roles as a

A) development of inborn traits.
B) set of rights or duties of each sex.
C) set of highly fluid, ill-defined concepts.
D) matter of learned tasks and domain of expertise.

Question 30

In a study examining 18-month-old girls' and boys' looking times at vehicles and dolls, researchers found that

A) boys looked longer than girls at the dolls, whereas girls looked longer than boys at the vehicles.
B) boys and girls spent equal amounts of time looking at the dolls and the vehicles.
C) both boys and girls looked longer at the vehicles than the dolls.
D) girls looked longer than boys at the dolls, whereas boys looked longer than girls at the vehicles.

Question 31

Natalie is a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She will most likely

A) show lower activity levels than other girls.
B) prefer girls as playmates more than boys.
C) experience an insecure gender identity.
D) prefer cars, trucks, and blocks more than dolls.

Question 32

According to the Swedish "equal roles family model,"

A) husbands should be more responsible for housework and child care than wives.
B) wives should be more responsible for housework than husbands, while husbands should be more responsible for children than wives.
C) stay-at-home wives and mothers should earn a salary for their child-care and household responsibilities.
D) husband and wife should have the same opportunity to pursue a career and should be equally responsible for housework and child care.

Question 33

To encourage fathers to take more responsibility for child rearing, Sweden has instituted

A) "daddy day care."
B) "daddy leave."
C) "daddy-months."
D) "daddy time."

Question 34

Throughout the school years, children show a strong preference for

A) same-sex peers.
B) large-group play.
C) quiet activities involving cooperative roles.
D) other-sex peers.

Question 35

Cross-cultural findings reveal that most societies promote

A) the genetically primed dominance of females.
B) instrumental traits in males and expressive traits in females.
C) the competition for mates among females.
D) greater androgynous behavior among males than females.

Question 36

Twenty-year-old Neil is asked to observe an infant wearing only a diaper, and is told the baby is a girl when in fact it is a boy. What traits will Neil most likely use to describe the baby?

A) firm, strong
B) well-coordinated, hardy
C) delicate, with fine features
D) very alert, perceptive

Question 37

In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone,

A) contributed to the tendency to evaluate members of one's own sex more negatively during adolescence.
B) showed little or no correlation to gender-stereotypical behavior of either gender during the school years.
C) positively predicted "masculine"-style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up during middle childhood.
D) predicted which males would withdraw from other males who initiated rough, physical play.

Question 38

Animal research shows that __________ increase(s) active play in both male and female mammals.

A) prenatally administered estrogen
B) limited exposure to females
C) encouragement of cross-gender socialization
D) prenatally administered androgens

Question 39

In __________, the testes produce normal levels of androgens, but androgen receptors in body cells are partially or completely impaired.

A) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) androgen insensitivity syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) androgen deficiency syndrome

Question 40

Girls in the Nyansongo settlement in Kenya are afforded more freedom and independence than most cultures, which leads them to score higher than

A) boys of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing.
B) boys in caregiving responsibilities and emotional support.
C) girls of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing.
D) girls of other tribal and village cultures in androgyny.

Question 41

Statements like "Boys can be firefighters" and "Most girls don't like playing football" are examples of

A) observational learning.
B) generic utterances.
C) expressive traits.
D) gender schemas.

Question 42

A parent who uses imperatives and specific suggestions in everyday life is most likely the parent of a

A) son.
B) teenager.
C) daughter.
D) son and a daughter.

Question 43

Mr. and Mrs. Merkle have a daughter and a son. They are most likely to

A) work hard to assign "cross-gender" chores to their children to avoid gender stereotyping.
B) assign their son chores that keep him close to home but allow their daughter to engage in activities that take her further into the community.
C) pair control with autonomy for their daughter and engage in restrictive parenting with their son.
D) use more directive speech with their daughter and grant their son more autonomy.

Question 44

Eight-year-old Jasmine's parents grant her little autonomy. This could cause Jasmine to

A) feel very safe, secure, and protected.
B) become rebellious and defiant.
C) develop feelings of incompetence.
D) have an overly inflated ego.

Question 45

When asked about attitudes toward "cross-gender" behavior, parents of preschoolers responded

A) more negatively to the idea of girls than of boys crossing gender lines.
B) positively to the idea of girls crossing gender lines.
C) equally negatively to the idea of boys and girls crossing gender lines.
D) more negatively to the idea of boys than of girls crossing gender lines.

Question 46

Mrs. Hung believes that her daughter Yuri is very competent at math. Mrs. Hopper believes that her daughter Shayla lacks competence at math. Which of the following statements about Yuri and Shayla is probably true?

A) Neither Yuri nor Shayla will perceive herself as competent at math.
B) Shayla will work harder than Yuri to improve her math performance.
C) Yuri is more likely than Shayla to choose a physical science career.
D) Shayla is more likely than Yuri to choose a physical science career.

Question 47

Parents who give their sons toys that stress action and competition

A) encourage aggression and antisocial behavior in their children.
B) also provide their daughters with toys that stress action and competition.
C) encourage gender-specific play activities and behaviors.
D) promote gender-typing more strongly during middle childhood than preschool.

Question 48

Which of the following children most likely receives more direct training in gender roles?

A) Carole, age 4
B) Cindy, age 8
C) Jan, age 12
D) Marcia, age 16

Question 49

Research findings suggest that language is __________ teach children about gender stereotypes and gender roles.

A) a powerful indirect means to
B) the only method to
C) the primary means through which parents
D) not a factor in the way that parents

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between parenting and gender roles?

A) Differences in the way parents socialize boys and girls are very large.
B) Younger children receive more direct training in gender roles than do older children.
C) In infancy and early childhood, parents tend to discourage gender-specific play activities and behaviors.
D) During childhood and adolescence, parents hold similar perceptions and expectations of their sons and daughters.

Question 51

Parents actively reinforce __________ in boys and __________ in girls.

A) supportive talk; demands for attention
B) independence; dependency
C) closeness; emotionality
D) emotional sensitivity; emotional restraint

Question 52

Which of the following chore assignments gives greater freedom?

A) Jim's daily job is to pick up milk from the store on his way home from school.
B) Jeff earns extra money by caring for his siblings when his parents work late.
C) Valerie does laundry for the entire family without assistance.
D) Deb helps her mother cook dinner every night.

Question 53

In longitudinal research, mothers rated first-grade __________ as more competent than __________ at __________, regardless of their child's actual performance.

A) daughters; sons; science
B) sons; daughters; language arts
C) daughters; sons; math
D) sons; daughters; math

Question 54

In one study, investigators had 10- and 13-year-olds and their mothers and fathers choose courses for the children to take when they reached secondary school. Results showed that parents selected more __________ courses for daughters and more __________ courses for sons.

A) language arts; science
B) math; science
C) science; social studies
D) language arts; math

Question 55

Observations of mothers and fathers interacting with their youngsters in teaching situations reveal that parents continue to

A) demand greater independence from girls than boys.
B) demand greater independence from boys than girls.
C) emphasize emotions and feelings with boys more so than with girls.
D) emphasize emotions and feelings with girls more so than with boys.

Question 56

In a study of mother-child conversations, mothers who overwhelmingly believed in gender equality

A) had children who displayed fewer generic utterances than mothers who were gender stereotyped.
B) purposely worked to instill those ideas in their children while reading storybooks.
C) frequently affirmed children's stereotypical comments about gender.
D) had children who displayed fewer gender-stereotyped comments in conversations with their peers.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true about differential treatment of sons and daughters by parents?

A) Fathers more than mothers encourage "gender-appropriate" behavior.
B) Mothers more than fathers encourage "gender-appropriate" behavior.
C) Mothers more than fathers place more pressure to achieve on sons than on daughters.
D) Both mothers and fathers place more pressure to achieve on sons than on daughters.

Question 58

Parents tend to be especially committed to ensuring the gender typing of

A) sons more so than daughters.
B) children of the other sex from themselves.
C) children of their own sex.
D) daughters more so than sons.

Question 59

In homes where fathers devote as much or more time to child care as mothers,

A) the result is feminine behavior in boys and masculine behavior in girls.
B) children tend to be more gender-typed in emotional expression.
C) sons tend to be more emotionally sensitive and daughters more self-confident.
D) daughters are likely to judge themselves as less competent.

Question 60

When mothers label gender, either with nouns or with pronouns, these statements

A) prevent the use of generics in children's language.
B) promote gender-neutral thinking in children.
C) can confuse children about what it means to be male versus female.
D) encourage toddlers to sort their social world into gender categories.

Question 61

A six-month follow-up of children who received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments showed that girls were more likely to

A) confront boy peers who made comments than their girl peers.
B) use physical force against a peer who made a sexist remark than girls who had not received active intervention.
C) attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond behavior to their attitudes.
D) fail to confront peers who made sexist remarks.

Question 62

In a study in which researchers presented school-age children, adolescents, and college-age students with visual and verbal descriptions of various occupations, males of all ages were especially attracted to jobs depicted as __________, and females were attracted to jobs __________.

A) conforming to traditional gender roles; seen as more novel
B) highly paid; high in altruism
C) science-based; power-based
D) gender congruent; gender incongruent

Question 63

Zara has a career-oriented mother. Compared to other girls, Zara is more likely to

A) view her mother as distant and unavailable.
B) have higher educational aspirations.
C) have lower educational aspirations.
D) have lower self-esteem and achieve poorly in school.

Question 64

Jill most likely uses __________ and __________ to get her way with her classmate Jack.

A) commands; threats
B) physical force; coercion
C) pleading; whining
D) polite requests; persuasion

Question 65

In classrooms, men and women teachers alike value obedience and discourage assertiveness. This is referred to as

A) gender congruence.
B) a "masculine bias."
C) a "feminine bias."
D) gender typicality.

Question 66

Why is it difficult for adults to modify gender stereotyping that occurs within children's peer groups?

A) Gender-typed remarks are inevitable in both boys and girls.
B) Biological sex is a legitimate basis for limiting individual roles and behaviors within peer groups.
C) Children's sexist statements often occur out of adults' earshot.
D) Children are too confused by behaviors that fall outside of traditional gender roles.

Question 67

Rochelle's favorite television shows have families where the mothers do not work. She also notices that most of the teachers in her elementary school are female. Rochelle is developing gender-typed beliefs

A) through observational learning.
B) through direct instruction by teachers and the media.
C) that are biased against males.
D) that will help her interact more effectively with the other sex.

Question 68

Gender stereotypes are especially prevalent in

A) countries like Sweden where an "equal roles family model" is emphasized.
B) dual-earner families.
C) middle- and high-SES households.
D) cartoons, music television, TV commercials, and video games.

Question 69

In experiments that tested how best to help children confront peers who made sexist remarks, which of the following approaches was most successful?

A) teaching children appropriate retorts to sexist remarks and then having them actively practice with peers
B) modeling gender-equitable interactions for the children
C) reading stories of examples of appropriate responses to sexist remarks, followed by a discussion of the behaviors and responses
D) instructing children how to use polite requests and persuasion

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?

A) Younger siblings tend to have a significant and lasting impact on older siblings' gender typing.
B) Sibling effects on gender typing are more complex than peer influences because they depend on birth order and family size.
C) Contrary to popular belief, birth order and family size have little, if any, impact on children's gender typing.
D) Children with same-sex siblings are less gender-typed than children with no siblings.

Question 71

Mr. Donnelly wants to reduce gender stereotyping in his classroom and has decided to form mixed-sex activity groups. To be successful, however,

A) a token system of reward and punishment must be established.
B) interventions may have to modify the styles of social influence typically learned in same-sex peer relations.
C) he must delegate specific activities to boys and girls.
D) boys and girls must learn how to behave like the other sex.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true regarding differential treatment of boys and girls by teachers?

A) Teachers give more overall attention to boys than to girls.
B) Teachers tend to praise girls more for their academic knowledge.
C) Teachers discourage unruliness more frequently and forcefully with girls.
D) When boys misbehave, teachers are more likely to negotiate.

Question 73

Researchers can measure gender identity during __________ because self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors.

A) toddlerhood
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 74

Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko is displaying

A) a gender stereotype.
B) gender-atypicality.
C) gender congruence.
D) androgyny.

Question 75

Six-year-old Qualo frequently crosses gender lines, preferring to play with dolls than cars or trucks. How will Qualo's peers likely respond to his behavior?

A) Girls will be more critical of Qualo's behavior than boys.
B) Boys will try to find common interests with Qualo so everyone can play together.
C) Even if Qualo does engage in "masculine" activities, he will be ostracized by other boys.
D) Boys will defend Qualo's right to play with dolls instead of cars or trucks.

Question 76

"Masculine" and androgynous children and adults __________ than "feminine" individuals.

A) are less self-confident
B) tend to be more affectionate and cheerful
C) experience more emotional difficulties
D) have higher self-esteem

Question 77

Deena understands that a person's sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and activities change. Deena is demonstrating an understanding of gender

A) labeling.
B) constancy.
C) stability.
D) consistency.

Question 78

According to a British study on siblings and gender typing, which of the following children is likely to be the most gender-typed?

A) David, who has an older brother
B) Devon, who has no siblings
C) Debbie, who has an older brother
D) Daniel, who has an older sister

Question 79

Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce

A) "masculine" behavior in boys and "feminine" behavior in girls.
B) assertive behavior in the classroom, particularly between other-sex peers.
C) children of both sexes for "masculine" rather than "feminine" behavior.
D) children of both sexes for "feminine" rather than "masculine" behavior.

Question 80

According to social learning theory, __________ comes before __________ in the development of gender identity.

A) behavior; self-perception
B) behavior; gender labeling
C) self-perception; behavior
D) gender constancy; gender disposition