Question 1

When they are observed for behavioral signs of prosocial responding, girls show

Accepted Answer

A)  no measurable advantage over boys. 
B)  greater self-confidence and assertiveness in helping behaviors. 
C)  a significant advantage over boys, especially in helping behaviors. 
D)  a slight advantage that is mostly evident in kindness and considerateness. 
A)  no measurable advantage over boys. 
B)  greater self-confidence and assertiveness in helping behaviors. 
C)  a significant advantage over boys, especially in helping behaviors. 
D)  a slight advantage that is mostly evident in kindness and considerateness. D

Question 2

Gordon, an African-American male, is used to seeing the women in his family going to work every day. As a result, Gordon will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  believe that women should stay at home and take care of children. 
B)  expect to be a stay-at-home father when he becomes an adult. 
C)  hold rigid stereotypes of males and females. 
D)  hold less stereotyped views of females than do Caucasian-American children. 
A)  believe that women should stay at home and take care of children. 
B)  expect to be a stay-at-home father when he becomes an adult. 
C)  hold rigid stereotypes of males and females. 
D)  hold less stereotyped views of females than do Caucasian-American children. D

Question 3

In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone,

Accepted Answer

A)  contributed to the tendency to evaluate members of one's own sex more negatively during adolescence. 
B)  showed little or no correlation to gender-stereotypical behavior of either gender during the school years. 
C)  positively predicted "masculine"-style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up during middle childhood. 
D)  predicted which males would withdraw from other males who initiated rough, physical play. 
A)  contributed to the tendency to evaluate members of one's own sex more negatively during adolescence. 
B)  showed little or no correlation to gender-stereotypical behavior of either gender during the school years. 
C)  positively predicted "masculine"-style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up during middle childhood. 
D)  predicted which males would withdraw from other males who initiated rough, physical play. C

Question 4

Gender schema theory

Accepted Answer

A)  separates the effects of gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role adoption on children's behavior. 
B)  highlights the importance of androgyny for psychological well-being across the lifespan. 
C)  integrates gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role adoption into a unified picture of how masculine and feminine orientations emerge. 
D)  maintains that gender stereotyping and gender-role adoption are most influential in adolescence and emerging adulthood. 
A)  separates the effects of gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role adoption on children's behavior. 
B)  highlights the importance of androgyny for psychological well-being across the lifespan. 
C)  integrates gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role adoption into a unified picture of how masculine and feminine orientations emerge. 
D)  maintains that gender stereotyping and gender-role adoption are most influential in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Younger siblings tend to have a significant and lasting impact on older siblings' gender typing. 
B)  Sibling effects on gender typing are more complex than peer influences because they depend on birth order and family size. 
C)  Contrary to popular belief, birth order and family size have little, if any, impact on children's gender typing. 
D)  Children with same-sex siblings are less gender-typed than children with no siblings. 
A)  Younger siblings tend to have a significant and lasting impact on older siblings' gender typing. 
B)  Sibling effects on gender typing are more complex than peer influences because they depend on birth order and family size. 
C)  Contrary to popular belief, birth order and family size have little, if any, impact on children's gender typing. 
D)  Children with same-sex siblings are less gender-typed than children with no siblings.

Question 6

In several recent investigations carried out in Canada, France, and the United States, a majority of elementary and secondary school students

Accepted Answer

A)  believed that boys are better at language arts than girls. 
B)  continued to view math as a "feminine" subject. 
C)  disagreed with the idea that math is a "masculine" subject. 
D)  perceived girls as able to do better in math than in language arts. 
A)  believed that boys are better at language arts than girls. 
B)  continued to view math as a "feminine" subject. 
C)  disagreed with the idea that math is a "masculine" subject. 
D)  perceived girls as able to do better in math than in language arts.

Question 7

By the end of the school years, most children view gender-typed behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  as inborn and fixed. 
B)  as socially influenced. 
C)  as unaffected by home rearing environments. 
D)  in mostly the same manner as they did at age 5. 
A)  as inborn and fixed. 
B)  as socially influenced. 
C)  as unaffected by home rearing environments. 
D)  in mostly the same manner as they did at age 5.

Question 8

Researchers can measure gender identity during __________ because self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  toddlerhood 
B)  early childhood 
C)  middle childhood 
D)  adolescence 
A)  toddlerhood 
B)  early childhood 
C)  middle childhood 
D)  adolescence

Question 9

Which of the following traits is considered expressive?

Accepted Answer

A)  excitable in a major crisis 
B)  takes a stand 
C)  not easily influenced 
D)  holds up well under pressure 
A)  excitable in a major crisis 
B)  takes a stand 
C)  not easily influenced 
D)  holds up well under pressure

Question 10

__________ girls are especially prone to depression, particularly when they face other stressful life events.

Accepted Answer

A)  Low-SES 
B)  Early-maturing 
C)  Later-maturing 
D)  African-American 
A)  Low-SES 
B)  Early-maturing 
C)  Later-maturing 
D)  African-American

Question 11

Jill most likely uses __________ and __________ to get her way with her classmate Jack.

Accepted Answer

A)  commands; threats 
B)  physical force; coercion 
C)  pleading; whining 
D)  polite requests; persuasion 
A)  commands; threats 
B)  physical force; coercion 
C)  pleading; whining 
D)  polite requests; persuasion

Question 12

During the preschool years, both fathers and mothers attend more to

Accepted Answer

A)  girls' than boys' sadness and anxiety. 
B)  boys' than girls' excitement and curiosity. 
C)  reinforcing gender-stereotypical emotions with boys than with girls. 
D)  being affectionate and nurturing with boys than with girls. 
A)  girls' than boys' sadness and anxiety. 
B)  boys' than girls' excitement and curiosity. 
C)  reinforcing gender-stereotypical emotions with boys than with girls. 
D)  being affectionate and nurturing with boys than with girls.

Question 13

Natalie is a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  show lower activity levels than other girls. 
B)  prefer girls as playmates more than boys. 
C)  experience an insecure gender identity. 
D)  prefer cars, trucks, and blocks more than dolls. 
A)  show lower activity levels than other girls. 
B)  prefer girls as playmates more than boys. 
C)  experience an insecure gender identity. 
D)  prefer cars, trucks, and blocks more than dolls.

Question 14

Which of the following traits is considered instrumental?

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional 
B)  self-confident 
C)  needs approval 
D)  considerate 
A)  emotional 
B)  self-confident 
C)  needs approval 
D)  considerate

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between parenting and gender roles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differences in the way parents socialize boys and girls are very large. 
B)  Younger children receive more direct training in gender roles than do older children. 
C)  In infancy and early childhood, parents tend to discourage gender-specific play activities and behaviors. 
D)  During childhood and adolescence, parents hold similar perceptions and expectations of their sons and daughters. 
A)  Differences in the way parents socialize boys and girls are very large. 
B)  Younger children receive more direct training in gender roles than do older children. 
C)  In infancy and early childhood, parents tend to discourage gender-specific play activities and behaviors. 
D)  During childhood and adolescence, parents hold similar perceptions and expectations of their sons and daughters.

Question 16

Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce

Accepted Answer

A)  "masculine" behavior in boys and "feminine" behavior in girls. 
B)  assertive behavior in the classroom, particularly between other-sex peers. 
C)  children of both sexes for "masculine" rather than "feminine" behavior. 
D)  children of both sexes for "feminine" rather than "masculine" behavior. 
A)  "masculine" behavior in boys and "feminine" behavior in girls. 
B)  assertive behavior in the classroom, particularly between other-sex peers. 
C)  children of both sexes for "masculine" rather than "feminine" behavior. 
D)  children of both sexes for "feminine" rather than "masculine" behavior.

Question 17

Among U.S. teenagers, __________ percent experience mild to moderate feelings of depression.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 to 25 
B)  20 to 50 
C)  30 to 40 
D)  40 to 75 
A)  10 to 25 
B)  20 to 50 
C)  30 to 40 
D)  40 to 75

Question 18

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gender gap in mathematics is related to

Accepted Answer

A)  achievement motivation. 
B)  early parental interactions. 
C)  faster development of the right cerebral cortex in boys than in girls. 
D)  boys' superior spatial reasoning skills. 
A)  achievement motivation. 
B)  early parental interactions. 
C)  faster development of the right cerebral cortex in boys than in girls. 
D)  boys' superior spatial reasoning skills.

Question 19

Manisha reports feeling satisfied with being a girl. Manisha can be considered

Accepted Answer

A)  a gender-contented child. 
B)  a gender-typical child. 
C)  gender-discontented. 
D)  an adolescent. 
A)  a gender-contented child. 
B)  a gender-typical child. 
C)  gender-discontented. 
D)  an adolescent.

Question 20

Because preschoolers' cognitive limitations lead them to assume that cultural practices determine gender, Sandra Bem suggests that parents and teachers

Accepted Answer

A)  encourage children to pursue gender-typed interests and activities. 
B)  make a concerted effort to delay young children's learning of gender-stereotyped messages. 
C)  make a concerted effort to speed up young children's learning of gender-stereotyped messages. 
D)  expose young children to a variety of traditional and nontraditional gender roles and let them decide which models to emulate. 
A)  encourage children to pursue gender-typed interests and activities. 
B)  make a concerted effort to delay young children's learning of gender-stereotyped messages. 
C)  make a concerted effort to speed up young children's learning of gender-stereotyped messages. 
D)  expose young children to a variety of traditional and nontraditional gender roles and let them decide which models to emulate.

When they are observed for behavioral signs of prosocial responding, girls show

Gordon, an African-American male, is used to seeing the women in his family going to work every day. As a result, Gordon will most likely

In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone,

Gender schema theory

Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?

In several recent investigations carried out in Canada, France, and the United States, a majority of elementary and secondary school students

By the end of the school years, most children view gender-typed behavior

Researchers can measure gender identity during __________ because self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors.

Which of the following traits is considered expressive?

__________ girls are especially prone to depression, particularly when they face other stressful life events.

Jill most likely uses and to get her way with her classmate Jack.

During the preschool years, both fathers and mothers attend more to

Natalie is a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She will most likely

Which of the following traits is considered instrumental?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between parenting and gender roles?

Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce

Among U.S. teenagers, __________ percent experience mild to moderate feelings of depression.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gender gap in mathematics is related to

Manisha reports feeling satisfied with being a girl. Manisha can be considered

Because preschoolers' cognitive limitations lead them to assume that cultural practices determine gender, Sandra Bem suggests that parents and teachers

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

When they are observed for behavioral signs of prosocial responding, girls show

Gordon, an African-American male, is used to seeing the women in his family going to work every day. As a result, Gordon will most likely

In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone,

Gender schema theory

Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?

In several recent investigations carried out in Canada, France, and the United States, a majority of elementary and secondary school students

By the end of the school years, most children view gender-typed behavior

Researchers can measure gender identity during __________ because self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors.

Which of the following traits is considered expressive?

__________ girls are especially prone to depression, particularly when they face other stressful life events.

Jill most likely uses __________ and __________ to get her way with her classmate Jack.

During the preschool years, both fathers and mothers attend more to

Natalie is a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She will most likely

Which of the following traits is considered instrumental?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between parenting and gender roles?

Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce

Among U.S. teenagers, __________ percent experience mild to moderate feelings of depression.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gender gap in mathematics is related to

Manisha reports feeling satisfied with being a girl. Manisha can be considered

Because preschoolers' cognitive limitations lead them to assume that cultural practices determine gender, Sandra Bem suggests that parents and teachers

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Jill most likely uses and to get her way with her classmate Jack.