Deck 12: Work and Leisure: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood

Question 1

Vocational maturity is best associated with

A) Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
B) the amount of congruence between occupation behaviors and age.
C) Freud's psychosexual stages.
D) the income level that one attains.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which developmental task would most likely characterize Dave, who is in his mid-teens?

A) Implementation
B) Stabilization
C) Consolidation
D) Crystallization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When looking within a specific occupation (e.g., construction worker), you would expect to find ____ differences between the personalities of males and female workers.

A) virtually no
B) small but significant
C) moderate
D) major

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Though Jenny has not decided on a career, she has taken a number of temporary jobs in hopes of finding something she really likes. Jenny is most likely in Super's ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) Deceleration
B) Stabilization
C) implementation
D) maintenance

Question 5

Barack Obama was used as an example of a "____" concerning occupational development.

A) dead ender
B) two timer
C) fast tracker
D) inside outer

Question 6

Super would predict that 23-year-old Sophie is most likely in the ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) maintenance
B) implementation
C) Establishment
D) Deceleration

Question 7

People tend to ____ college courses and majors that fit their personalities.

A) avoid
B) like
C) dislike
D) fail

Question 8

If Will is an average adult, the main reason for him working is so that he can

A) demonstrate creativity.
B) earn a living.
C) make new friends.
D) exercise his authority over others.

Question 9

The concept of "career advancement" is best associated with the _____ task.

A) stabilization
B) implementation
C) crystallization
D) consolidation

Question 10

Which statement concerning occupational development is true?

A) Research does not support either Super's claims that it is a developmental process nor Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics
B) Research does not support Super's claims that it is a developmental process but does support Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics
C) Research supports Super's claims that it is a developmental process but not Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics
D) Research supports both Super's claims that it is a developmental process and Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics

Question 11

Super's theory of occupational development places individuals along a continuum of

A) job satisfaction.
B) occupational priorities.
C) comparable worth.
D) vocational maturity.

Question 12

Holland categorizes occupations using the dimensions of

A) interpersonal settings and lifestyle.
B) lifestyle and income.
C) income and education level.
D) education level and interpersonal settings.

Question 13

Since being promoted to an executive position a few years ago, Alison continued to find ways to work her way up the corporate ladder. Alison is most likely in Super's ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) retirement
B) consolidation
C) specification
D) implementation

Question 14

According to Lips-Wiersma (2003), which is not one of the four common meanings people derive from work?

A) Developing self
B) Economic independence
C) Union with others
D) Serving others

Question 15

The selection of a specific occupational marks the beginning of the ____ stage of occupational development.

A) maintenance
B) implementation
C) stabilization
D) decline

Question 16

Last year, 25-year-old Mark took his first job in an industry he has chosen to pursue. Mark is probably in Super's ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) implementation
B) maintenance
C) stabilization
D) consolidation

Question 17

According to Super, the most likely trigger for occupational evolution involves a change in

A) income.
B) marital status.
C) self-concept.
D) health.

Question 18

According to Holland, people choose occupations that optimize

A) income.
B) socialization.
C) fit with personality.
D) intellect.

Question 19

Who would most likely be giving a speech titled "Understanding the Continuum of Vocational Maturity?"

A) John Holland
B) Donald Super
C) Nancy Betz
D) Jan Sinnott

Question 20

In his book The Prophet, Gibran (1923) stated that "____ is love made visible."

A) Sex
B) a smile
C) work
D) birth

Question 21

Angela was a teacher who spent lots of time preparing lessons and grading papers, but she hadn't expecting teaching to take so much of her time and energy. Her education had not prepared her for what teaching would really be like. If she represents the average worker, her most likely reactions would involve

A) resolve to change the system.
B) reality shock.
C) dropping her friendships.
D) suing the company.

Question 22

How are mentoring and generativity related?

A) Mentoring is one avenue for achieving generativity.
B) Generativity causes mentoring.
C) Individuals who mentor are less likely to express generativity.
D) Mentoring is done by the employee, and generativity is done by the employer.

Question 23

Which statement about the development of job satisfaction is true?

A) Blue-collar workers' level of job satisfaction rises quicker than that of white-collar workers.
B) Increases in job satisfaction are best predicted solely by a worker's age.
C) Job satisfaction may be cyclical regardless of age.
D) When older workers begin to make work less of a focus in their lives, it takes more to keep them satisfied with work.

Question 24

According to the Klassen, Usher, and Bong's (2010) study of job satisfaction across cultures, lower teacher satisfaction was related to

A) higher amounts of efficacy and lower levels of stress.
B) lower amounts of efficacy and high levels of stress.
C) higher levels of stress and high importance of collectivism.
D) lower levels of stress and low importance of collectivism.

Question 25

Job satisfaction is defined as

A) positive feelings resulting from appraisal of one's work.
B) any type of feeling resulting from appraisal of one's work.
C) a motor behavior taken to improve one's job performance.
D) any behavior engaged in to improve one's job performance.

Question 26

When assessing job satisfaction, middle-aged workers tend to be most satisfied with intrinsic aspects of their job like

A) their rate of pay.
B) the amount of vacation time they have earned.
C) their perceived amount of job control.
D) the amenities they have earned.

Question 27

According to Kram (1985), the mentor relationship begins with ____ and ends with ____.

A) cultivation; separation
B) initiation; redefinition
C) cultivation; redefinition
D) initiation; separation

Question 28

When Debra started her new job, she met Rosalind, an experienced worker who took Debra "under her wing." Rosalind gave Debra many pointers and was always there when Debra had a question about what to do or why she needed to do it. Rosalind served as a ____ for Debra.

A) mentor
B) career plateau
C) realistic type
D) conventional type

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding the predictors of job satisfaction cross-culturally?

A) Predictors of job satisfaction are different across countries.
B) The degree to which predictors predict job satisfaction depends on age.
C) Predictors of job satisfaction are the same across countries.
D) Some predictors of job satisfaction transcend countries, while others do not.

Question 30

Job satisfaction in individuals with a good fit between themselves and their occupation tends to

A) increase with age.
B) remain stable across time.
C) decrease with age.
D) follow no clear pattern.

Question 31

Bonnie and Clyde had a mentor-protégé relationship that lasted years. They now no longer view this as a mentor-protégé relationship but one of equal-status colleagues. This suggests that their relationship is in the _____ phase.

A) initiation
B) separation
C) redefinition
D) cultivation

Question 32

Which statement concerning mentors is true?

A) A poor mentor is worse than having no mentor at all.
B) The best mentors are given to, not chosen by, a protégé.
C) A mentor of the opposite sex is a recipe for disaster.
D) Any mentoring, even bad mentoring, can only help in one's career.

Question 33

Priscilla is having a difficult time finding a female who will mentor her on her new middle management position. This is most likely occurring because

A) there are few women in management positions who could mentor her.
B) few female managers want to mentor new employees.
C) most women want to mentor male employees.
D) research has found that women do not benefit from mentoring.

Question 34

Serving as a mentor has helped Jaclyn feel like she's contributed significantly to the long-term success of the organization. This role has helped her fulfill aspects of Erikson's phase of

A) identity.
B) basic trust.
C) generativity.
D) intimacy.

Question 35

Thelma and Louise have been mentor and protégé for five years. In the past few weeks, they have begun to spend less time together. This suggests that they may have just entered the ____ phase of the mentoring relationship.

A) initiation
B) separation
C) redefinition
D) cultivation

Question 36

Mutt and Jeff both work at the glue factory. Recently, Mutt, who is a more experienced worker, has begun to establish a protégé-mentor relationship with Jeff. As this process has just begun, it is best characterized as being in the ____ phase.

A) initiation
B) separation
C) redefinition
D) cultivation

Question 37

Julie is a female lawyer who has a mentor. Compared to her female colleagues who have no mentors, Julie is more likely to

A) consider changing occupations.
B) experience more work-family conflict.
C) be less intent to continue to practice law.
D) make more money.

Question 38

Mona has just reached age 30 and has realized that she has not come close to achieving her career expectations. If she is typical for her gender, her most likely response would be to

A) move ahead toward a higher managerial position.
B) go back to school.
C) change job expectations.
D) get married.

Question 39

During the cultivation phase of the mentor relationship, mentors _____ protégés.

A) are introduced to
B) end relationships with
C) do their most work with
D) transform their relationships with

Question 40

Kurt always had visions of a very extravagant, luxurious, happy life as a rock star. When he finally became a rock star, he found it to be lonelier and far less satisfying than he had imagined. Kurt is experiencing

A) the glass ceiling.
B) occupational priorities.
C) a dream.
D) reality shock.

Question 41

Who is most likely to experience alienation and job dissatisfaction?

A) Fred, who is a skeptic
B) Barney, who is exhausted
C) Wilma, who is a cynic
D) Betty, who is an optimist

Question 42

As the owner of a business worried about employee burnout, you should attempt to

A) reduce interoffice communication.
B) reassure workers that what they do at an individual level does not really impact the overall business.
C) provide regular feedback to workers about their performance.
D) add more bureaucratic paperwork.

Question 43

Devin was born in 1950. As such, he is best classified as part of the _____ generation.

A) lost
B) baby-boomer
C) generation X
D) millennial

Question 44

Which manager's strategy for preventing alienation in company workers will probably work best?

A) Judith's, who wants to cut salaries to increase the likelihood that workers will continue because they like their job, not because they make money
B) Michael's, who wants to help alleviate job stress by making sure workers know nothing of the day-to-day operations of the company
C) Colleen's, who wants to include workers in the company's decision-making process
D) Dennis's, who wants to fire workers at random so that no one will ever know if they are going to have a job tomorrow or not

Question 45

In 2010, women made up roughly ____ percent of the U.S. workforce.

A) 27
B) 37
C) 47
D) 57

Question 46

If Zack is like the alienated workers interviewed in Terkel's (1974) classic study, he would most likely describe himself as a

A) "ghost in the machine of industry."
B) "cog in a faceless machine of industry."
C) "machine head."
D) "warrior ready to rage against the machine."

Question 47

Beatrice simply has no energy left for her job. She is totally unmotivated and feels exploited by the company for which she works. She is best described as experiencing

A) alienation.
B) burn out.
C) job satisfaction.
D) vocational maturity.

Question 48

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in order for an occupation to be classified as "nontraditional for women," women must comprise _____ percent or less of the total number of people employed in that occupation.

A) 50
B) 25
C) 10
D) 5

Question 49

How many of the following would be considered part of the millennials: Billy, born in 1970; Jilly, born in 1980; Dilly, born in 1990; Milly, born in 2000?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 50

Edsel is an autoworker on an assembly line. When asked to comment on his job, Edsel says, "First, I am a nothing to this company. Second, my 'do-nothing' job serves no purpose in the production of automobiles." Edsel is best described as

A) burned out.
B) generative.
C) having poor occupational priorities.
D) alienated.

Question 51

Candice drives big-rig trucks for a living. How is she likely to be viewed by other adults?

A) Males and females will view her negatively.
B) Males will view her negatively; females will view her positively.
C) Males will view her positively; females will view her negatively.
D) Males and females will view her positively.

Question 52

The hot dog processing factory that Oscar works at recently instituted a total quality management program to better include workers in the planning process. This was most likely done in response to workers' complaints about

A) alienation.
B) career plateauing.
C) age discrimination.
D) a glass ceiling.

Question 53

A woman in a nontraditional career would most likely be perceived as ____ by the average person.

A) cold or quarrelsome
B) a positive role model
C) highly competent
D) gender confused

Question 54

If he is like most alienated workers, Rocky would be most likely to explain his feelings about his job by saying,

A) "My pay is too low."
B) "My job is meaningless; I'm nothing more than a replaceable part."
C) "I could really use a mentor."
D) "Most days on the job I really like my responsibilities, but there are some days I'd rather forget."

Question 55

Which statement concerning the relationship between age and job satisfaction is true?

A) Young workers are most satisfied with their jobs because they do not know anything better than what they currently have.
B) Middle-aged workers with higher satisfaction may have resigned themselves to the fact that things are unlikely to improve.
C) Older workers are least satisfied regardless of their occupation.
D) The higher paying the job, the higher the satisfaction, regardless of age.

Question 56

A worker described as _____ would feel devalued.

A) burned out
B) alienated
C) plateauing
D) generative

Question 57

Who is most likely to experience burnout?

A) Michael, who is a factory worker
B) Natalie, who is a freelance worker
C) Tom, who is a psychologist
D) Juliana, who is a musician

Question 58

Compared to women working in traditional occupations, women in nontraditional occupations

A) are less likely to believe that they are being sexually harassed.
B) are more likely to believe that they are being sexually harassed.
C) are less likely to experience sexual harassment.
D) are more likely to experience sexual harassment.

Question 59

One way to avoid burnout is to ____ workers' expectations of themselves.

A) Raise
B) Eliminate
C) Lower
D) maintain

Question 60

Occupational burnout comes from excessive

A) feelings of exploitation.
B) disconnection from coworkers.
C) underutilization.
D) belief that one's job really doesn't matter to the company.

Question 61

A key reason for women leaving the workforce is that they feel

A) employers demand too much collaboration.
B) that employment is a masculine trait.
C) technologically inept.
D) disconnected from the workplace.

Question 62

The textbook defines gender discrimination as something that

A) involves the denial of a job.
B) only affects women.
C) is very uncommon.
D) is found only in ethnic minority populations.

Question 63

In 2010, ____ women were in CEO positions of Fortune 500 companies in the United States.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 30

Question 64

When millennial-generation college women explore nontraditional career options, they tend to

A) still commit more to traditional occupations.
B) change their political affiliation.
C) commit more to such alternatives.
D) not marry.

Question 65

Mr. French has been denied a job as a nanny solely because he is a male. This provides an example of

A) gender discrimination.
B) sexual harassment.
C) burn out.
D) alienation.

Question 66

As he has a same-ethnicity mentor, Chappell is likely to receive ____ than his friend Dave who has a mentor from another ethnic group.

A) more direct financial assistance
B) more psychosocial support
C) less clear career advice
D) less push to move up the corporate ladder

Question 67

When Bundy applies for a job as a shoe salesperson, he is told, "Right now, we are only hiring females." This is an example of

A) comparable worth.
B) gender discrimination.
C) a glass ceiling.
D) sexual harassment.

Question 68

Occupational aspiration is best thought of as the job

A) you would like to get.
B) that you likely have.
C) your parents want you to have.
D) you will never attain.

Question 69

Which tends to be considered a feminine-valued characteristic?

A) Independence
B) Interdependence
C) Self-sufficiency
D) Competitiveness

Question 70

Gen-X women

A) seldom start their own business.
B) often negotiate on more than just salaries.
C) reject the idea of home-based businesses.
D) tend to be unconcerned about childcare issues.

Question 71

As a typical African-American manager, Raquel would most likely report that compared to European-American managers, she experiences

A) more job choice.
B) more promotability.
C) less acceptance.
D) less career dissatisfaction.

Question 72

Research on women working in the corporate world indicated that one reason professional women leave their job is that the common corporate structure does not value

A) an interdependent worker.
B) competence.
C) self-sufficiency.
D) competition.

Question 73

_____ African-American protégés have European-American mentors.

A) Few
B) Some
C) Many
D) Most

Question 74

Which of the following ethnic groups tends to have the lowest leadership aspirations?

A) African Americans
B) European Americans
C) Latino Americans
D) Research has failed to identify any ethnic differences in leadership aspiration

Question 75

Fran finds that no matter what she does or how well she performs, she cannot get promoted above a certain mid-management position in her company. Fran is most likely experiencing

A) burn out.
B) alienation.
C) role conflict.
D) a glass ceiling.

Question 76

Research on women working in the corporate world indicated that women professionals are most likely to leave that career because they

A) become income driven.
B) need more education to be successful.
C) are pressured to by their husbands or boyfriends.
D) find themselves not being rewarded for the relational skills they value.

Question 77

Piscione (2004) found that emotional stress in working women tended to increase

A) during their children's summer breaks.
B) when they were perceived as "too much of a team player."
C) when they had a mentor.
D) as their income increased.

Question 78

Marisa (who is European American) and her female friend Destiny (who is African American) are both pursuing careers in traditionally male occupations. How is their preparation likely to differ?

A) Marisa will become more educated than is necessary for the position
B) Destiny will become more educated than is necessary for the position
C) Marisa will not receive negative reactions to her decision
D) Destiny will not receive negative reactions to her decision

Question 79

Compared to European Americans, Latino Americans

A) have similar work values.
B) have low occupational aspirations.
C) have lower work values.
D) are not as occupationally mature.

Question 80

A "glass ceiling" is best described as a(n)

A) barrier preventing advancement in a company.
B) sex-based form of rapid advancement in a company.
C) example of the use of the reasonable woman standard.
D) method for encouraging mentoring of ethnic minority workers.