Deck 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Laughter reflects __________.

A) increased sensitivity to object permanence
B) sensitivity to the human face
C) an infant's capacity to respond to passive stimuli
D) faster processing of information than smiling

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the __________.

A) amount of food offered
B) amount of oral stimulation offered
C) channeling of biological drives
D) quality of caregiving

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Emotions __________.

A) become less complex with age
B) are clear and well-organized from birth
C) become less varied as children grow
D) play a powerful role in discovery of the self

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a __________ smile.

A) brief, fleeting
B) broad, "cheek-raised"
C) "mouth-open"
D) reserved, muted

Question 5

__________ have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.

A) Guilt and envy
B) Pride and shame
C) Basic emotions
D) Self-conscious emotions

Question 6

Which statement about basic emotions is true?

A) Infants come into the world with the ability to clearly express basic emotions.
B) Newborns' emotional expressions closely resemble those of older children and adults.
C) Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.
D) Babies are born with well-organized and specific emotional expressions for happiness and fear.

Question 7

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________.

A) decrease in both frequency and intensity
B) increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency
C) increase in both frequency and intensity
D) increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity

Question 8

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its __________.

A) emphasis on psychosexual theory and the development of emotional intelligence
B) emphasis on the clinical approach as the primary method of human development research
C) ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development
D) thorough examination of the cross-cultural implications of social development

Question 9

Basic emotions __________.

A) appear in the middle of the second year
B) are universal in humans
C) are found only among humans
D) involve injury to our sense of self

Question 10

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

A) sadness; anger
B) fear; sadness
C) happiness; sadness
D) happiness; anger

Question 11

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

A) guilt
B) disgust
C) shame
D) pride

Question 12

According to Erikson's theory, when __________, the psychological conflict of the first year is resolved on the positive side.

A) a parent is perfectly in tune with the baby's needs
B) the balance of care is sympathetic and loving
C) toilet training is on time and successful
D) the baby receives enough food

Question 13

Which of the following would be most likely to evoke Jasper's first laugh?

A) his mother quietly singing to him while rocking him
B) his father saying "bababababa" as he strokes Jasper's arms
C) his brother playing a silent game of peekaboo
D) his sister saying "Here I come!" and kissing his tummy

Question 14

Baby Sabrina's first laugh will probably appear around __________.

A) 3 to 4 weeks
B) 6 to 8 weeks
C) 3 to 4 months
D) 6 to 8 months

Question 15

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh __________.

A) at events with subtler elements of surprise
B) only in response to very active stimuli
C) at dynamic, eye-catching sights
D) less often

Question 16

Two-year-old Eva's parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson's theory, Eva will develop __________ as a result.

A) basic trust
B) mistrust
C) autonomy
D) industry

Question 17

Newborn babies respond with __________ to changes in body temperature.

A) fear
B) generalized distress
C) generalized happiness
D) surprise

Question 18

According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who __________.

A) feels self-confident
B) acts competently on his own
C) asserts his independence
D) feels forced and shamed

Question 19

During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile __________.

A) in response to bright objects
B) when they are full
C) in response to seeing a human face
D) when they achieve new skills

Question 20

Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes __________.

A) the social smile
B) laughter
C) social referencing
D) secure attachment

Question 21

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require __________.

A) use of social comparisons
B) use of emotional self-regulation
C) adult instruction in when to feel happy, angry, or sad
D) adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

Question 22

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

A) self-control
B) give-and-take
C) emotional self-regulation
D) social referencing

Question 23

Self-conscious emotions __________.

A) are universal in humans and other primates
B) include happiness, surprise, interest, and sadness
C) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
D) typically appear in the middle of the first year of life

Question 24

Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using __________.

A) emotional contagion
B) self-conscious emotions
C) basic emotions
D) emotional self-regulation

Question 25

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing __________.

A) envy
B) shame
C) pride
D) empathy

Question 26

Emotional self-regulation __________.

A) requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions
B) refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal
C) declines rapidly during the first few years
D) is more evident in infants than in preschoolers

Question 27

Beckham is 18 months old. His parents want to encourage him to eat fruit. Which approach would be most effective in accomplishing this task using social referencing?

A) slowly nodding when Beckham eats fruit
B) smiling and saying "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit
C) frowning when Beckham does not eat fruit
D) smiling and looking surprised when Beckham eats fruit

Question 28

Once wariness develops, infants __________.

A) show little stranger anxiety
B) lose interest in peers
C) refuse to explore their surroundings
D) use the familiar caregiver as a secure base

Question 29

Research on maternal depression shows that __________.

A) infants of depressed mothers have low levels of the stress hormone cortisol
B) it does not have a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year
C) most mothers with depression require long-term treatment for a full recovery
D) depressed mothers view their infants negatively, which contributes to their inept caregiving

Question 30

Like anger, fear __________.

A) is less intense than sadness
B) decreases in intensity and frequency with age
C) occurs less frequently in the second half of the first year
D) rises from the second half of the first year into the second year

Question 31

Biyu, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Biyu to feel __________.

A) pride in her personal achievement
B) embarrassed by the individual attention
C) envious of the children who lost
D) intense shame for violating a cultural standard

Question 32

When caregiver‒infant communication is seriously disrupted, infant __________ is common-a condition that impairs all aspects of development.

A) fear
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 33

Shortly after giving birth to Max, Tanisha's mood plunged. She felt anxious, weepy, overwhelmed, and angry at loss of control over her own schedule. As a result of Tanisha's postpartum depression, Max probably __________.

A) slept poorly
B) was more attentive to his surroundings
C) tried to comfort Tanisha when she was sad
D) produced low levels of the stress hormone cortisol

Question 34

When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

A) sadness
B) stranger anxiety
C) separation anxiety
D) disgust

Question 35

In a social referencing experiment, 18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she __________.

A) makes a disgusted face and shakes her head when he offers spinach to her
B) expresses no preference for either spinach or graham crackers
C) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the graham crackers
D) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach

Question 36

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A) guilt
B) happiness
C) interest
D) fear

Question 37

Around 3 months, babies __________.

A) begin to use the familiar caregiver as a secure base
B) increase the frequency and intensity of their angry expressions
C) become sensitive to the structure and timing of face-to-face interactions
D) reach the peak of stranger anxiety, which then starts to decline

Question 38

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it __________.

A) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check
B) enables the infant to overcome obstacles
C) prevents the child from displaying stranger anxiety
D) gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt

Question 39

Paternal depression __________.

A) does not have a significant impact on infants or preschool children
B) is linked to frequent father‒child conflict as children grow older
C) is, unlike maternal depression, a weak predictor of marital strife
D) is more recognized and studied than maternal depression

Question 40

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

A) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others
B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable
C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic
D) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences

Question 41

Compared with __________ children, __________ children present fewer problems in the early years.

A) easy; slow-to-warm-up
B) slow-to-warm-up; difficult
C) easy; difficult
D) difficult; slow-to-warm-up

Question 42

__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

A) Temperament
B) Reactivity
C) Effortful control
D) Self-regulation

Question 43

Observation of which child would be most likely to provide a researcher with an accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

A) Quinn, a newborn
B) Ava, age 1 year
C) Samantha, age 2 years
D) Tyson, age 4 years

Question 44

Liam can effectively focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion. Liam is high in __________.

A) effortful control
B) persistence
C) goodness of fit
D) self-awareness

Question 45

Which mother would be most likely to discourage the expression of strong emotion in her baby?

A) Hope, who is from the UK
B) Hetta, who is from Germany
C) Kendra, who is from Canada
D) Nedege, who is from rural Cameroon

Question 46

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, 35 percent of the children __________.

A) were classified as easy children
B) did not fit any of the categories
C) were classified as slow-to-warm-up children
D) were classified as difficult children

Question 47

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to __________.

A) temperament
B) effortful control
C) reactivity
D) self-regulation

Question 48

The overall stability of temperament is __________ from the preschool years on.

A) very low
B) only moderate
C) moderate to high
D) very high

Question 49

__________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion.

A) Girls; negative
B) Boys; positive
C) Girls; positive
D) Boys; negative

Question 50

Temperament is often assessed through __________.

A) self-reports and the clinical method
B) parental reports and interviews
C) delay-of-gratification tasks
D) Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Question 51

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess studied __________.

A) attachment
B) temperament
C) information processing
D) childhood depression

Question 52

George is an extremely shy preschooler. In order for George to acquire effective social skills, he will need __________.

A) medication to increase his left frontal brain wave activity
B) to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations
C) to be sheltered from criticism and social stress
D) parenting tailored to his temperament

Question 53

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

A) inhibited
B) easy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 54

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the __________ and __________ dimensions of temperament.

A) positive-affect; fearful-distress
B) effortful-control; activity-level
C) attention-span; irritable-distress
D) activity-level; positive-affect

Question 55

Which statement about Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the stability of temperament is true?

A) The majority of babies in the study were easily upset by novelty.
B) Most children's dispositions became more extreme over time.
C) Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
D) About 50 to 70 percent of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles as they grew older.

Question 56

About half of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to __________.

A) socioeconomic status
B) genetic makeup
C) parenting styles
D) gender differences

Question 57

Compared to __________ toddlers, __________ toddlers generally show greater improvement in effortful control by the preschool years.

A) fearful; irritable
B) cheerful; irritable
C) angry; fearful
D) cheerful; angry

Question 58

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) uninhibited

Question 59

Joh is inactive and negative in mood. He shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. In Thomas and Chess's research, Joh would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) uninhibited

Question 60

Individual differences in __________ contribute to the contrasting temperaments of shyness and sociability.

A) birth weight
B) brain plasticity
C) the size of the frontal lobe
D) arousal of the amygdala

Question 61

Girls tend to be __________ than boys.

A) more active and daring
B) more impulsive and fearful
C) less irritable when frustrated
D) less fearful and active

Question 62

Three-year-old J'Marcus asks his grandma to read him a story before she leaves him at daycare. J'Marcus is in Bowlby's __________ phase.

A) "attachment-in-the-making"
B) formation of a reciprocal relationship
C) preattachment
D) "clear-cut" attachment

Question 63

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view?

A) ethological
B) psychoanalytic
C) sociocultural
D) behaviorist

Question 64

Bowlby was inspired by Konrad Lorenz's studies of __________.

A) shyness
B) imprinting
C) modeling
D) sociability

Question 65

Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents __________.

A) frequently develop insecure attachments to their parents
B) sometimes develop strong emotional ties to cuddly objects
C) are at-risk for disorganized/disoriented attachment
D) may have trouble bonding with their parents

Question 66

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

A) psychoanalytic
B) "clear-cut"
C) operant
D) ethological

Question 67

Compared with European-American infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be __________.

A) more fearful
B) more active
C) less inhibited
D) less easily soothed when upset

Question 68

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display __________.

A) separation anxiety
B) stranger anxiety
C) social referencing
D) goodness of fit

Question 69

During Bowlby's __________ phase, children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter their goals.

A) formation of a reciprocal relationship
B) "attachment-in-the-making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) preattachment

Question 70

In a large study of 1- to 3-year-old twin pairs, parents rated __________.

A) identical twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated
B) fraternal twins as somewhat opposite in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as moderately similar
C) identical twins as very alike in temperament, while researchers rated them as somewhat opposite
D) fraternal twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated

Question 71

__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

A) Goodness of fit
B) Ethological theory of attachment
C) Emotional self-regulation
D) Effortful control

Question 72

According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

A) Strange Situation
B) internal working model
C) "clear-cut" attachment phase
D) preattachment phase

Question 73

The __________ attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity.

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure‒avoidant
C) insecure‒resistant
D) unstable

Question 74

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette smiles and quickly crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

A) secure
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) easy
D) resistant

Question 75

Baby Aiden smiles, laughs, and babbles freely when interacting with his mother and quiets quickly when she picks him up. He does not protest when separated from her. According to Bowlby, Aiden is in the __________ phase.

A) preattachment
B) "attachment-in-the-making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 76

In the Strange Situation, infants with insecure-avoidant attachment __________.

A) prefer the parent to the stranger
B) convey clear pleasure when the parent returns
C) seem unresponsive to the parent when the parent is present
D) combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior when the parent returns

Question 77

By __________, infants have become attached to familiar people who have responded to their needs.

A) the end of the first month
B) two or three months of age
C) four months of age
D) the second half-year

Question 78

Erika becomes upset when her father leaves. When her father is present, Erika approaches, follows, and climbs on him in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

A) preattachment
B) "attachment-in-the-making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of reciprocal relationship

Question 79

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies __________.

A) attachment
B) goodness of fit
C) temperament
D) sociocultural theory

Question 80

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and often fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he alternately clings to her and hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure‒avoidant
C) insecure‒resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented