Deck 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

As their self-concepts develop, preschoolers become __________.

A) less sensitive to blame or the possibility of such feedback
B) less likely to experience self-conscious emotions
C) more sensitive to praise and blame or the possibility of such feedback
D) more likely to feel intense shame after success

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The more parents __________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A) label and explain emotions and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers
B) encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers
C) label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors
D) expect their children to behave like adults

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers whose parents negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding.
B) Discussions of negative experiences are not particularly helpful to developing emotional understanding.
C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.
D) Knowledge about emotion helps children in their efforts to get along with others.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The judgments that make up self-__________ are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment.

A) awareness
B) esteem
C) control
D) talk

Question 5

Once children have a sense of autonomy, they become __________ than they were as toddlers.

A) less active
B) less contrary
C) more willful
D) more filled with self-doubt

Question 6

According to Erikson, play __________.

A) causes children to feel too much guilt because they are not able to master new tasks
B) creates a small social organization of children who cooperate to achieve common goals
C) is not a valuable use of preschoolers' time, which is better spent on academic forms of learning
D) is a nonsocial activity through which preschoolers learn cause-and-effect relationships

Question 7

Which statement about preschoolers' self-judgments is true?

A) Preschoolers combine their many self-judgments into a global sense of self-esteem.
B) Children whose parents regularly encourage them give up easily when faced with challenges.
C) Young children are not mature enough to form self-judgments.
D) Preschoolers usually rate their own ability as extremely high.

Question 8

By age 3½, children describe themselves in terms of __________.

A) emerging personality traits
B) typical emotions and attitudes
C) nonobservable characteristics
D) character

Question 9

Three-year-old Rayna says, "I Rayna. I a girl. I run fast. I like yellow." Rayna is beginning to develop __________.

A) a moral self
B) self-regulation
C) emotional competence
D) a self-concept

Question 10

__________ fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept.

A) Permissive parenting
B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
C) Authoritarian parenting
D) Strong identification with an other-sex parent

Question 11

Early in the preschool years, children __________.

A) accurately interpret situations that offer conflicting cues about how a person is feeling
B) are not good at inferring how others are feeling based on their behavior
C) refer to causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of emotion
D) do not realize that thinking and feeling are interconnected

Question 12

During the preschool years, high self-esteem __________.

A) is self-defeating because children cannot yet adequately complete tasks
B) is rare because preschoolers fail at so many new tasks
C) can lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance in adulthood
D) contributes greatly to children's initiative

Question 13

Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.

A) permissive child rearing
B) authoritarian child rearing
C) language
D) family size

Question 14

By __________, children can view themselves as persisting over time and anticipate their own future states and needs.

A) the end of the first year
B) age 2
C) age 3
D) the end of the preschool years

Question 15

Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

A) the superego
B) mistrust
C) initiative
D) psychosexual stages

Question 16

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) initiative versus guilt

Question 17

When asked, "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley most likely to say?

A) "I have new, blue shoes."
B) "I am cheerful."
C) "I am shy."
D) "I am friendly."

Question 18

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by __________.

A) adjusting their expectations to children's capacities
B) using praise liberally
C) always giving them positive feedback, regardless of performance
D) only presenting them with easy tasks

Question 19

According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they __________.

A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults
B) identify too strongly with the same-sex parent
C) identify too strongly with the other-sex parent
D) have an overly lenient superego

Question 20

Four-year-old Honesty covers her eyes to block out scary sights and covers her ears when sounds are too loud. When she is excluded from a game, she changes her goals and decides that she does not want to play anyway. As she uses these strategies, Honesty's __________ will decline.

A) emotional outbursts
B) ability to manage her fears
C) emotional self-regulation
D) grasp of the distinction between fantasy and reality

Question 21

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father. He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run. Truman is engaged in __________.

A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 22

Three-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with __________.

A) fear and anger
B) anxiety and distress
C) empathetic concern
D) frowning and lip biting

Question 23

Longitudinal evidence on peer sociability indicates that __________.

A) later-appearing play forms replace early ones
B) all four types of play suggested by Parten coexist in early childhood
C) functional play is especially common among older preschoolers
D) preschoolers who spend a lot time playing alone tend to be socially anxious

Question 24

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme in the preschool's dramatic play interest area. They are engaging in __________.

A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 25

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience __________.

A) low levels of shame and pride and less persistence on difficult tasks
B) extreme pride after a success and extreme shame after a failure
C) no pride after a success and no shame after a failure
D) moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks

Question 26

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame, it is related to __________.

A) inflated self-esteem
B) an insecure attachment
C) poor emotional self-regulation
D) good adjustment

Question 27

In associative play, __________.

A) a child plays alone or watches other children while they play
B) a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior
C) children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
D) children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme

Question 28

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

A) Later-appearing forms of play replace earlier ones in the developmental sequence.
B) Once a child begins to play cooperatively, she no longer engages in parallel play.
C) Nonsocial activity is almost nonexistent among kindergarteners.
D) It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.

Question 29

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

A) more; provide props than those who value its cognitive benefits
B) more; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial
C) less; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play
D) less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits

Question 30

To preschoolers, __________.

A) friendship is a relationship based on mutual trust
B) a friend is someone "who likes you"
C) friendship has a long-term enduring quality
D) a friend is someone who understands your thoughts and feelings

Question 31

Which preschooler is the most likely to have a larger peer network and to be more socially skilled?

A) Ariane, whose parents do not get involved in her peer relationships
B) Jasper, whose parents frequently arrange informal play dates
C) Annika, who has an insecure attachment to her mother
D) Maksim, whose father does not believe in playing with children

Question 32

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she __________.

A) talks to imaginary friends
B) works with art materials by herself
C) only does puzzles or builds with blocks
D) engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

Question 33

__________ is vital if children at high risk for social difficulties are to develop positive peer interactions in their early school experiences.

A) Some separation from preschool friendships
B) Permissive parenting
C) Warm, responsive teacher-child interactions
D) Time spent in structured activities

Question 34

Poor emotion regulators __________ often display __________.

A) more; sympathetic concern
B) less; prosocial behavior
C) more; altruistic behavior
D) less; personal distress

Question 35

Research on friendships shows that __________.

A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends
B) preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends
C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust
D) children entering kindergarten who have friends in their class adjust to school more favorably

Question 36

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.

A) nonsocial; associative
B) parallel; nonsocial
C) cooperative; parallel
D) associative; cooperative

Question 37

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is __________.

A) regulated by inner standards
B) motivated by a fear of retribution
C) driven by compassionate concern
D) externally controlled by adults

Question 38

Perhaps because __________ play is inconsistent with the "masculine" gender role, boys who engage in it are at risk for negative peer reactions from .

A) quiet
B) sociodramatic
C) constructive
D) functional

Question 39

Empathy __________.

A) is more often expressed in toddlerhood than in the preschool years
B) leads to feelings of sorrow for another's plight
C) serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior
D) always yields acts of kindness and helpfulness

Question 40

Four-year-old Simka is sociable and good at regulating her emotions. She is likely to __________ when she observes distress.

A) help, share, and comfort others
B) experience personal distress
C) show a rise in heart rate and lip biting
D) show a sharp increase in EEG brain-wave activity

Question 41

The meaning and impact of physical discipline to children __________.

A) is consistently negative, regardless of ethnicity, context, or intensity
B) can always be seen in problem behaviors, depressive symptoms, and negative self-esteem
C) can vary sharply with its intensity level, context of warmth and support, and cultural approval
D) varies little from culture to culture within the United States

Question 42

According to social learning theorists, __________.

A) morality has a unique course of development
B) prosocial acts often occur spontaneously in early childhood
C) moral behavior is acquired through modeling
D) guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally

Question 43

Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.

A) burping at the table; cheating at a game
B) eating ice cream with his fingers; stealing an apple
C) failing to say "please"; lying
D) stealing an eraser; licking his plate

Question 44

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges, __________.

A) gives Mia's father a cooling-off period
B) allows Mia's father to avoid harsh punishment and its side effects
C) helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior
D) is not as effective as corporal punishment

Question 45

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that __________.

A) children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent
B) guilt is an important motivator of moral action
C) children's fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior
D) fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience formation

Question 46

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents __________.

A) consider physical punishment to be wrong
B) report meting out physical punishment differently
C) culturally disapprove of physical discipline
D) are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

Question 47

Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

A) Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.
B) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.
C) An adult who repeatedly uses harsh punishment is likely to punish more often over time.
D) Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.

Question 48

Deon sent his son, Oskar, to his room when Oskar began screaming and throwing his toy trucks. This time-out technique __________.

A) will give Deon time to cool off
B) is not harsh enough to change Oskar's behavior
C) helps Oskar build social and life skills
D) teaches Oskar responsible participation in the family

Question 49

Which statement about moral development is accurate?

A) Guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally.
B) Moral development is complete by the end of early childhood.
C) There is little evidence that guilt motivates moral action.
D) Moral development is a gradual process that extends into adulthood.

Question 50

One strategy of positive parenting is __________.

A) withdrawal of privileges
B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior
C) allowing children freedom from family routines and duties
D) using time out when children are obstinate

Question 51

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when __________.

A) they want to foster long-term goals
B) very serious transgressions occur
C) immediate obedience is necessary
D) children are verbally aggressive toward others

Question 52

Which preschooler is the most likely to be responsive to induction?

A) Samu, who is fearless
B) Hugo, who is impulsive
C) Thor, who is empathetic
D) Karmin, who is aggressive

Question 53

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 4
C) 5 to 6
D) 8 to 10

Question 54

The cognitive-developmental perspective __________.

A) focuses on how children acquire ready-made standards of good conduct from adults
B) views children as blank slates, eager to "write" information about social rules
C) regards children as active thinkers about social rules
D) holds that children are prewired with standards of good conduct

Question 55

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, __________ motivates moral behavior.

A) fear of punishment
B) induction
C) modeling
D) temperament

Question 56

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is __________ likely to __________.

A) more; display prosocial behavior
B) more; ignore damage after misdeeds
C) less; refrain from wrongdoing
D) less; confess after misdeeds

Question 57

Research reveals that inductive discipline __________.

A) fails to provide children with information about how to behave in future situations
B) encourages children to comply with rules to avoid the loss of parental love
C) discourages the development of empathy and sympathy
D) helps children notice others' feelings by pointing out the effects of children's misbehavior on others

Question 58

Preschoolers distinguish __________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

A) social conventions; moral imperatives
B) matters of personal choice; social conventions
C) moral imperatives; matters of personal choice
D) moral imperatives; social conventions

Question 59

According to Freud, children __________.

A) listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt
B) obey the superego to avoid guilt
C) obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust
D) behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others

Question 60

The frequency and harshness of corporal punishment is elevated among __________ parents.

A) well-educated
B) middle-class
C) economically advantaged
D) economically disadvantaged

Question 61

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that beginning at birth, parents __________.

A) actively reinforce dependence in boys
B) have different expectations of sons than of daughters
C) have similar expectations of sons and daughters
D) give their sons toys that emphasize cooperation

Question 62

__________, especially, are more insistent that __________ conform to gender roles.

A) Mothers; boys
B) Mothers; girls
C) Fathers; girls
D) Fathers; boys

Question 63

Which statement is true about aggression?

A) Proactive aggression tends to rise over early and middle childhood.
B) Boys are more verbally and relationally aggressive than girls.
C) More often than boys, girls may use indirect relational tactics that extend for hours, weeks, or even months.
D) Girls are more likely than boys to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Question 64

Which statement about teachers' involvement in gender-role learning is true?

A) Teachers' emphasis of gender distinctions increases preschoolers' gender-stereotyped beliefs.
B) Teachers' emphasis of gender distinctions increases preschoolers' willingness to play with other-sex peers.
C) As early as kindergarten, teachers give more overall attention (both positive and negative) to girls than to boys.
D) Teachers seem to expect girls to misbehave more often-a belief based partly on gender stereotypes.

Question 65

Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

A) Chance, a boy who wears nail polish
B) Avery, a boy who plays with building blocks
C) Rena, a girl who wears cowboy boots
D) Dominique, a girl who enjoys art

Question 66

Eduoard spreads a rumor about Nicholas after Nicholas is cast as the lead in the school play, the role Eduoard desired. This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) physical
B) proactive
C) reactive
D) verbal

Question 67

Which statement about screen media is accurate?

A) Ninety percent of U.S. parents limit their preschoolers' screen media time.
B) Placing a TV or computer in a child's bedroom decreases its use.
C) About half of U.S. school-age children experience no limits on screen media use.
D) Parents' media behavior has little or no influence on children's behavior.

Question 68

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in __________.

A) children's television programming
B) police and hospital TV shows
C) reality TV shows
D) cartoons

Question 69

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.

A) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers
B) has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children
C) is common in nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished
D) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers

Question 70

Preschoolers __________.

A) tend to have fluid moral reasoning
B) cannot distinguish moral imperatives from social conventions
C) can easily distinguish between accidental and intentional transgressions
D) are more likely than older children to claim that lying is always wrong

Question 71

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.

A) cooperation
B) nurturance
C) competition
D) physical attractiveness

Question 72

Girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens show a preference for __________.

A) girls as playmates
B) quiet play over active play
C) creating art over rough-and-tumble play
D) trucks and blocks over dolls

Question 73

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs __________.

A) emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways
B) strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated
C) are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play
D) are flexible until about age 5, after which they become more rigid

Question 74

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that preschool teachers __________.

A) rarely act in ways that extend gender-role learning
B) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys
C) give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities
D) tend to negotiate and create plans for improving behavior more with boys than with girls

Question 75

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) direct
B) verbal
C) instrumental
D) relational

Question 76

Initially, the most common type of aggression is __________.

A) reactive
B) proactive
C) hostile
D) active

Question 77

Four-year-old Stanford refuses to walk down an aisle in the toy department because most of the toys on the shelves are pink. This is an example of gender __________.

A) selection
B) typing
C) dysphoria
D) constancy

Question 78

Which statement is supported by research on viewing television violence?

A) Violent programming creates short-term increases in aggression, but does not have lasting negative effects.
B) Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent media than nonaggressive children.
C) Older children are more likely than preschool and young school-age children to imitate TV violence.
D) Violent television has a negative effect only on children who are already highly aggressive.

Question 79

Treatment for aggressive children is best begun __________.

A) early, before their behavior becomes well-practiced and difficult to change
B) in mid- to late elementary school, once its impact on academic achievement is verifiable
C) during middle school, after their ability to inhibit impulses becomes well-practiced
D) during mid- to late adolescence, after their behavior patterns have developed

Question 80

Evaluations of the program Incredible Years reveal that it __________.

A) improves parenting and reduces child behavior problems
B) initially helps families with aggressive children, but the effects of the parent training component do not endure
C) is somewhat helpful to control groups but does not improve the parenting of children with conduct problems
D) does not have any real lasting impact on children with serious conduct problems