Question 1

Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chance, a boy who wears nail polish 
B)  Avery, a boy who plays with building blocks 
C)  Rena, a girl who wears cowboy boots 
D)  Dominique, a girl who enjoys art 
A)  Chance, a boy who wears nail polish 
B)  Avery, a boy who plays with building blocks 
C)  Rena, a girl who wears cowboy boots 
D)  Dominique, a girl who enjoys art A

Question 2

Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

One aspect of self-concept that emerges in early childhood is self-esteem-the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments. These evaluations are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment.
By age 4, preschoolers have several self-judgments-for example, about learning things in school, making friends, getting along with parents, and treating others kindly. But because they have difficulty distinguishing between their desired and their actual competence, they usually rate their own ability as extremely high and underestimate task difficulty. High self-esteem contributes greatly to preschoolers' initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.
Children whose parents criticize their worth and performance give up easily when faced with challenges and express shame and despondency after failing. Adults can avoid promoting these self-defeating reactions by adjusting their expectations to children's capacities, scaffolding children's attempts at difficult tasks, and pointing out effort and improvement in children's behavior.

Question 3

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  regulated by inner standards 
B)  motivated by a fear of retribution 
C)  driven by compassionate concern 
D)  externally controlled by adults 
A)  regulated by inner standards 
B)  motivated by a fear of retribution 
C)  driven by compassionate concern 
D)  externally controlled by adults D

Question 4

According to Erikson, play __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  causes children to feel too much guilt because they are not able to master new tasks 
B)  creates a small social organization of children who cooperate to achieve common goals 
C)  is not a valuable use of preschoolers' time, which is better spent on academic forms of learning 
D)  is a nonsocial activity through which preschoolers learn cause-and-effect relationships 
A)  causes children to feel too much guilt because they are not able to master new tasks 
B)  creates a small social organization of children who cooperate to achieve common goals 
C)  is not a valuable use of preschoolers' time, which is better spent on academic forms of learning 
D)  is a nonsocial activity through which preschoolers learn cause-and-effect relationships

Question 5

Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

Accepted Answer

A)  the superego 
B)  mistrust 
C)  initiative 
D)  psychosexual stages 
A)  the superego 
B)  mistrust 
C)  initiative 
D)  psychosexual stages

Question 6

Which preschooler is the most likely to be responsive to induction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Samu, who is fearless 
B)  Hugo, who is impulsive 
C)  Thor, who is empathetic 
D)  Karmin, who is aggressive 
A)  Samu, who is fearless 
B)  Hugo, who is impulsive 
C)  Thor, who is empathetic 
D)  Karmin, who is aggressive

Question 7

Healthy Families America __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  has not been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment 
B)  offers self-help group meetings for child-abusing parents 
C)  provides three years of home visitation for families identified as at risk for maltreatment 
D)  is not effective in preventing child abuse because it is aimed at the child, not the parents 
A)  has not been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment 
B)  offers self-help group meetings for child-abusing parents 
C)  provides three years of home visitation for families identified as at risk for maltreatment 
D)  is not effective in preventing child abuse because it is aimed at the child, not the parents

Question 8

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  they want to foster long-term goals 
B)  very serious transgressions occur 
C)  immediate obedience is necessary 
D)  children are verbally aggressive toward others 
A)  they want to foster long-term goals 
B)  very serious transgressions occur 
C)  immediate obedience is necessary 
D)  children are verbally aggressive toward others

Question 9

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 to 2 
B)  3 to 4 
C)  5 to 6 
D)  8 to 10 
A)  1 to 2 
B)  3 to 4 
C)  5 to 6 
D)  8 to 10

Question 10

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father. He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run. Truman is engaged in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonsocial activity 
B)  parallel play 
C)  associative play 
D)  cooperative play 
A)  nonsocial activity 
B)  parallel play 
C)  associative play 
D)  cooperative play

Question 11

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent 
B)  guilt is an important motivator of moral action 
C)  children's fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior 
D)  fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience formation 
A)  children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent 
B)  guilt is an important motivator of moral action 
C)  children's fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior 
D)  fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience formation

Question 12

Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.

Accepted Answer

The authoritative child-rearing style-th

Question 13

__________ accounts for about 80 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment.

Accepted Answer

A)  Physical abuse 
B)  Emotional abuse 
C)  Sexual abuse 
D)  Neglect 
A)  Physical abuse 
B)  Emotional abuse 
C)  Sexual abuse 
D)  Neglect

Question 14

Percy is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Percy remembers him as a doctor. Percy __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  does not yet have a well-developed gender schema 
B)  is not using his gender-salience filter 
C)  is not a gender-schematic child 
D)  is a gender-schematic child 
A)  does not yet have a well-developed gender schema 
B)  is not using his gender-salience filter 
C)  is not a gender-schematic child 
D)  is a gender-schematic child

Question 15

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; provide props than those who value its cognitive benefits 
B)  more; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial 
C)  less; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play 
D)  less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits 
A)  more; provide props than those who value its cognitive benefits 
B)  more; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial 
C)  less; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play 
D)  less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits

Question 16

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is __________ likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; display prosocial behavior 
B)  more; ignore damage after misdeeds 
C)  less; refrain from wrongdoing 
D)  less; confess after misdeeds 
A)  more; display prosocial behavior 
B)  more; ignore damage after misdeeds 
C)  less; refrain from wrongdoing 
D)  less; confess after misdeeds

Question 17

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  low levels of shame and pride and less persistence on difficult tasks 
B)  extreme pride after a success and extreme shame after a failure 
C)  no pride after a success and no shame after a failure 
D)  moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks 
A)  low levels of shame and pride and less persistence on difficult tasks 
B)  extreme pride after a success and extreme shame after a failure 
C)  no pride after a success and no shame after a failure 
D)  moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks

Question 18

Full attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to ability to pass Piagetian __________ tasks.

Accepted Answer

A)  class inclusion 
B)  perspective taking 
C)  conservation 
D)  transitive inference 
A)  class inclusion 
B)  perspective taking 
C)  conservation 
D)  transitive inference

Question 19

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers 
B)  has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children 
C)  is common in nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished 
D)  increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers 
A)  decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers 
B)  has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children 
C)  is common in nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished 
D)  increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers

Question 20

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  consider physical punishment to be wrong 
B)  report meting out physical punishment differently 
C)  culturally disapprove of physical discipline 
D)  are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment 
A)  consider physical punishment to be wrong 
B)  report meting out physical punishment differently 
C)  culturally disapprove of physical discipline 
D)  are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is __________.

According to Erikson, play __________.

Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

Which preschooler is the most likely to be responsive to induction?

Healthy Families America __________.

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when __________.

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father. He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run. Truman is engaged in __________.

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that __________.

Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.

__________ accounts for about 80 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment.

Percy is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Percy remembers him as a doctor. Percy __________.

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are likely to .

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is likely to .

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience __________.

Full attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to ability to pass Piagetian __________ tasks.

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents __________.

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Adulthood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood

Death, Dying, and Bereavement

Filters

Exam 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is __________.

According to Erikson, play __________.

Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

Which preschooler is the most likely to be responsive to induction?

Healthy Families America __________.

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when __________.

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father. He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run. Truman is engaged in __________.

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that __________.

Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.

__________ accounts for about 80 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment.

Percy is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Percy remembers him as a doctor. Percy __________.

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is __________ likely to __________.

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience __________.

Full attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to ability to pass Piagetian __________ tasks.

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents __________.

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Adulthood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood

Death, Dying, and Bereavement

Filters

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are likely to .

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is likely to .