Deck 23: Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

Question 1

The precursor chemical for ACTH synthesis is

A) CRH.
B) POMC.
C) beta-endorphin.
D) MSH.
E) TRH.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

CRH stimulates the release of

A) ACTH.
B) cortisol.
C) DHEA.
D) MSH.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland play a major role in growth and metabolism.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Cortisol has which of the following effects?

A) suppresses the immune system
B) causes positive calcium balance
C) influences brain function
D) suppresses the immune system and causes positive calcium balance
E) suppresses the immune system and influences brain function

Question 5

Which of the following transporters are known to transport thyroid hormones into target cells?

A) CaSR (calcium sensing receptor)
B) TRPV6
C) Sodium-iodide symporter
D) MCT8
E) Mineralocorticoid receptor

Question 6

The endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion is the

A) thyroid.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) adrenal medulla.

Question 7

The Thyroid hormones T₃ and T₄ are lipophilic so they do not require transporters to cross cell membranes.

Question 8

Iodine accumulation in thyroid cells involves symport with

A) hydrogen.
B) sodium.
C) potassium.
D) chloride.

Question 9

Which of the following could describe the function of 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase?

A) An enzyme located in renal tubules that acts on cortisol.
B) It converts cortisol to a less active form.
C) It aids in preventing crossover effects from cortisol.
D) It converts cortisol to a form with a lower specificity for mineralocorticoid receptors there.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

Crossover effects are sometimes seen among

A) most hormones.
B) all hormones.
C) peptide/protein hormones.
D) steroid hormones.

Question 11

Melanocortins includes one or more of the following.

A) ACTH
B) cortisol
C) growth hormone
D) MSH
E) ACTH and MSH

Question 12

Thyroid hormone contains the mineral

A) sodium.
B) thallium.
C) iron.
D) iodine.
E) zinc.

Question 13

Cortisol secretion peaks between ________ and ________.

A) early morning, noon
B) midnight, early morning
C) noon, early evening
D) early evening, midnight

Question 14

The action of a hormone on a target cell involves effects on

A) receptor proteins.
B) nonreceptor proteins.
C) lipids.
D) receptor and nonreceptor proteins.
E) receptor proteins and lipids.

Question 15

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of

A) progesterone.
B) aldosterone.
C) estradiol.
D) calcitonin.
E) progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol.

Question 16

Thyroid hormones

A) are lipophilic.
B) are hydrophilic.
C) must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.
D) are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.
E) are hydrophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.

Question 17

Without cortisol's permissive effect on ________, an animal would die.

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) thyroid hormone
D) parathyroid hormone
E) aldosterone

Question 18

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

A) only thyroxine.
B) only TSH.
C) only calcitonin.
D) only parathyroid hormone.
E) thryoxine and TSH.

Question 19

Pendrin is an anion transporter important in the production of

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) calcitonin.
C) TRH.
D) TSH.
E) thyroid hormone.

Question 20

The adrenal medulla produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) catecholamines.
E) corticosteroids.

Question 21

Parathyroid hormone is

A) a lipid.
B) dissolved in plasma.
C) bound to a carrier.
D) an amine hormone.
E) the cause of Graves' disease.

Question 22

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

A) calcitonin.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) growth hormone.
E) testosterone.

Question 23

GH

A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
C) binds to a plasma protein.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.
E) is secreted by the posterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.

Question 24

Somatostatin is another name for

A) growth hormone.
B) growth hormone-releasing hormone.
C) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) parathyroid hormone.

Question 25

Transcellular transport of intestinal calcium is accomplished by entry into the epithelial enterocytes via

A) a sodium-iodide transporter.
B) osteoclasts.
C) apical calcium channels (TRPV6 = ECaC).
D) CaSR (calcium sensing receptor).
E) an amino acid transporter (MCT8).

Question 26

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
hyperthyroidism

Question 27

Parathyroid hormone

A) stimulates osteoclast activity.
B) increases the rate of calcium absorption.
C) decreases the rate of calcium excretion.
D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 28

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) TRH
E) CRH.

Question 29

Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A) calcitonin.
B) calcitriol.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisol.
E) ADH.

Question 30

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass or density sufficient to compromise normal function is

A) cretinism.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteomyelitis.
D) osteitis.
E) acromegaly.

Question 31

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

Question 32

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
involves endocrine stimulation by antibodies

Question 33

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
hypercortisolism

Question 34

Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in

A) osteoporosis.
B) cretinism.
C) rickets.
D) giantism.
E) dwarfism.

Question 35

Mature, less active bone cells are termed

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteoclasts.
D) chondrocytes.
E) osteons.

Question 36

Vitamin D (calcitriol)

A) is formed by sunlight only.
B) is bound to plasma protein for transport only.
C) synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels.
D) is formed by sunlight and bound to plasma protein for transport.
E) is formed by sunlight and synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels.

Question 37

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) glucagon.
E) oxytocin.

Question 38

Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood will cause

A) goiter.
B) exophthalmus.
C) giantism.
D) acromegaly.
E) diabetes.

Question 39

The effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue include

A) decreased oxygen consumption.
B) decreased heart rate.
C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation.
D) increased activity of osteoclasts.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 40

Hyperthyroidism

A) decreases oxygen consumption.
B) increases protein catabolism.
C) decreases protein synthesis.
D) slows heart rate.
E) causes cold intolerance.

Question 41

Match the condition with its description.
A.giantism
B.kyphosis
C.moon face
D.myxedema
E.goiter
caused by growth hormone excess in childhood

Question 42

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
Some symptoms mimic diabetes mellitus.

Question 43

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
may result from adrenal tumor

Question 44

Match the condition with its description.
A.giantism
B.kyphosis
C.moon face
D.myxedema
E.goiter
caused by elevation of TSH

Question 45

Match the condition with its description.
A.giantism
B.kyphosis
C.moon face
D.myxedema
E.goiter
puffy appearance associated with hypothyroidism

Question 46

The most important metabolic effect of ________ is protection against ________, crucial to surviving significant stress.

Question 47

Match the condition with the description.
A.acromegaly
B.adrenogenital syndrome
C.cretinism
D.dwarfism
E.exophthalmus
caused by growth hormone excess in adulthood

Question 48

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
associated with overactive osteoclasts

Question 49

Match the condition with its description.
A.giantism
B.kyphosis
C.moon face
D.myxedema
E.goiter
hunchback appearance associated with osteoporosis

Question 50

Match the condition with the description.
A.acromegaly
B.adrenogenital syndrome
C.cretinism
D.dwarfism
E.exophthalmus
This condition results from excess androgens in females.

Question 51

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
Calcitonin may be an appropriate treatment.

Question 52

Match the condition with its description.
A.giantism
B.kyphosis
C.moon face
D.myxedema
E.goiter
easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism

Question 53

Cortisol secretion shows a ________ pattern of secretion, normally peaking in the ________.

Question 54

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
may result from a pituitary tumor

Question 55

Match the condition with the description.
A.acromegaly
B.adrenogenital syndrome
C.cretinism
D.dwarfism
E.exophthalmus
mental retardation associated with infantile hypothyroidism

Question 56

Match the condition with the description.
A.acromegaly
B.adrenogenital syndrome
C.cretinism
D.dwarfism
E.exophthalmus
caused by growth hormone deficiency in childhood

Question 57

Match the condition with the description.
A.acromegaly
B.adrenogenital syndrome
C.cretinism
D.dwarfism
E.exophthalmus
associated with Graves' disease

Question 58

Structurally similar steroids sometimes bind to the same receptor, producing ________ effects.

Question 59

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway begins with secretion of ________ into the ________ and transported to the ________.

Question 60

Match the disease with the description.
A.Addison's disease
B.Cushing's disease
C.Graves' disease
D.Paget's disease
may be an autoimmune disease

Question 61

Pick one hormone from Chapter 23 and design a concept map showing the feedback pattern, types of hormone receptors and how this relates to normal cellular / tissue responses, and areas in the map which could be the cause of pathologies (i.e., hyposecretion, hyperresponsiveness).

Question 62

________ is a result of deficient thyroid hormone secretion in infancy.

Question 63

Name four physiological functions of calcium.

Question 64

Explain how cortisol suppresses the immune system, and why this is sometimes a useful therapy.What are some negative side effects of cortisol therapy? Why do doctors prescribe cortisol in doses that taper off at the end of the therapy period? Why do doctors sometimes prefer to prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

Question 65

A rise in cortisol would cause each of the following except one.Identify the exception.

A) enhanced rate of glucose synthesis by the liver
B) increased rate of glycogen usage by the liver
C) higher levels of fatty acids in the blood
D) suppression of the immune system
E) increased ACTH levels

Question 66

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid ________.

Question 67

What are the two distinct endocrine cell types that comprise the thyroid gland, and what do they secrete?

Question 68

The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormones.

Question 69

ACTH is synthesized from a large glycoprotein called ________, which also produces ________ in the pituitary.

Question 70

GH stimulates the secretion of ________ from the liver and other tissue.This hormone has ________ feedback effect on growth hormone secretion.

Question 71

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of ________.

Question 72

Increased blood calcium levels result in increased

A) secretion of calcitonin.
B) secretion of parathyroid hormone.
C) retention of calcium by the kidneys.
D) osteoclast activity.
E) excitability of neural membranes.

Question 73

Draw a map of steroid hormone synthesis.

Question 74

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

A) the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair.
B) increased volume of urine formation.
C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
D) decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose.
E) increased water retention.

Question 75

List and explain the effects of cortisol.

Question 76

Billy has been serving in a noncombat position in the army for two years and has just been informed that he is leaving on a combat mission tomorrow.Billy is feeling very stressed.How has his endocrine system responded to this bad news? Which hormones are involved, and what effects do they have?

Question 77

List four factors that affect normal body growth.

Question 78

What is a permissive hormone effect? Provide an example, explaining what would result if the permissive hormone was absent.

Question 79

Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

A) high levels of vitamin D₃.
B) too much calcium in the diet.
C) elevated levels of sex hormones.
D) too little thyroxine.
E) an excess of growth hormone.

Question 80

Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine organ pathways for the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland.Do releasing and/or trophic hormones exert effects outside this pathway? Explain.