Deck 8: Dna Structure and Function

Question 1

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.

A) ​the mouse will live
B) ​the mouse will became fatally ill and live S strain bacteria will be detected in its blood
C) ​the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria
D) ​the dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria
E) ​DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Figure 8.4

The accompanying figure represents the research of which scientist(s)?

A) ​Delbrück
B) ​Avery and McCarty
C) ​Chagraff
D) ​Luria
E) ​Hershey and Chase

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If an injection to the mouse contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.

A) ​the mouse will die
B) ​live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
C) ​the mouse will live
D) ​no live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
E) the live S strain bacteria will lose their pathogenicity​

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Friedrich Miescher is credited with _____.

A) ​proposing DNA as the hereditary material
B) ​finding that proteins are the physical basis of inheritance
C) ​defining the laws of inheritance
D) ​being the first person to describe and extract DNA
E) ​determining that proteins are composed of unlimited combinations of twenty amino acids

Question 5

One current goal of cloning is to ____.

A) ​duplicate certain humans
B) ​create new species
C) ​promote evolution
D) ​experiment with alien DNA
E) increase the numbers of endangered animals

Question 6

The experiments that clearly distinguished DNA and not protein as the hereditary material were conducted by _____.

A) ​Pauling
B) ​Hershey and Chase
C) ​Griffith
D) ​Watson and Crick
E) ​Avery

Question 7

How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?

A) ​8
B) ​22
C) ​23
D) ​46
E) ​92

Question 8

Fred Griffith's experiment, in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrated that _____.

A) ​pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms
B) ​harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by a bacteria transformation factor
C) ​pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains
D) ​dead cells lose their genetic information
E) DNA is a protein rich in nitrogen and phosphorus​

Question 9

DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.

A) ​adenine
B) ​uracil
C) ​guanine
D) ​adenine
E) ​thymine

Question 10

Which structures have the same length, shape, and centromere location?

A) ​karyotypes
B) ​histones
C) ​bacteriophages
D) ​nucleosomes
E) ​autosome pairs

Question 11

Figure 8.4

What is the concept illustrated by the experiment in the accompanying figure?

A) ​Protein is not the encoding material.
B) ​Protein cannot enter the host cell.
C) ​Protein renatures due to radiation.
D) Protein is composed of subunits with phosphate.​
E) ​Protein is composed of subunits with sulfur.

Question 12

Figure 8.4

The Hershey and Chase experiments, in which radioactive phosphorus (32P) and radioactive sulfur (35S) were used, demonstrated that ____.

A) ​DNA labeled with 35S and proteins labeled with 32P can be traced over the course of an experiment
B) ​DNA labeled with 32P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus
C) ​proteins labeled with 35S become deactivated and unable to be transferred
D) bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their coat proteins, into their hosts
E) ​DNA may be the hereditary material, although bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts

Question 13

If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain ____.

A) ​primarily radioactive sulfur
B) ​primarily radioactive phosphorus
C) ​both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus
D) ​neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus
E) ​complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats

Question 14

James Watson and Francis Crick ____.

A) ​were both English researchers working at Cambridge University
B) ​performed elegant experiments in DNA chemistry
C) ​constructed an accurate model of DNA's double helix structure
D) ​performed experiments that convinced scientists that DNA is a double-stranded molecule
E) ​used x-ray diffraction in all of their experiments

Question 15

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to the extract.

A) ​protein transfer
B) ​mRNA-degrading
C) ​tRNA-degrading
D) ​DNA-degrading
E) ​nucleic transfer

Question 16

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain Streptococcus pneumonia, _____.

A) ​the mouse will die
B) ​live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
C) ​the mouse will live
D) ​no live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
E) the live R strain bacteria will develop pathogenicity​

Question 17

____ discovered the basis for the ____ rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical, as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine.

A) ​Avery; base-pair
B) ​Griffith, double helix
C) ​Chargaff; base-pair
D) ​Chase; double helix
E) ​Pauling; base-pair

Question 18

How successful is the technique of cloning adult mammals by implanting DNA into donor eggs?

A) ​Few embryos survive until birth, and of those that do, many have serious health problems.
B) ​About half of the embryos survive until birth, but many of these die before adulthood.
C) ​Of the embryos that survive until birth, health outcomes are predictable.
D) ​Most embryos survive, but are not able to reproduce as adults.
E) ​Most embryos survive and lead healthy adult lives.

Question 19

Hydrogen bonding is strongest between ____.

A) ​adenine and guanine
B) ​uracil and thymine
C) ​guanine and uracil
D) ​adenine and thymine
E) ​cytosine and guanine

Question 20

Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing harmless (R) bacteria to lethal (S) bacteria?

A) ​Avery and McCarty
B) ​Griffith
C) ​Chargaff
D) ​Hershey and Chase
E) ​Pauling

Question 21

DNA polymerases ____.

A) ​unwind DNA
B) ​add new nucleotides to a strand
C) ​catalyze carbon bonding
D) ​assemble new strands in both direction
E) ​repairs DNA

Question 22

What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?

A) ​autosomal
B) ​karyotype
C) ​diploid
D) ​base-paired
E) ​helical

Question 23

Figure 8.11.
The accompanying figure best illustrates ____.

A) ​DNA repair
B) ​semiconservative replication
C) ​the action of the ligases
D) ​the binding of initiator proteins
E) ​DNA hybridization

Question 24

DNA replication is ____.

A) ​redundant
B) ​semiconservative
C) ​progressive
D) ​conservative
E) ​repetitive

Question 25

The function of helicase enzymes is to ____.

A) ​break hydrogen bonds and unwind the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication
B) ​rewind the two DNA molecules after replication
C) ​remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly
D) ​seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand
E) ​fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell

Question 26

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create human embryos for research purposes in ____.

A) ​embryo cloning
B) embryo splitting
C) ​therapeutic cloning
D) ​artificial twinning
E) ​stem cell cloning

Question 27

Which statement is true of DNA's structure?​

A) ​The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing.
B) ​In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine and cytosine always base pairs with thymine.
C) ​Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
D) ​When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
E) ​All four bases in DNA can be found in equal quantities.

Question 28

Which discovery was determined about DNA from x-ray diffraction data?​

A) ​DNA is uniform in length.
B) ​DNA is short and narrow.
C) ​DNA has a repeating pattern.
D) ​DNA molecules are flat.
E) ​DNA molecules are round.

Question 29

The accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ​cloning with a stem cell
B) ​somatic cell nuclear transfer
C) ​genetic manipulation of a single gene
D) ​microsurgical manipulation of a chromosome
E) ​embryonic cloning

Question 30

Rosalind Franklin is credited with ____.

A) ​discovering DNA's double helical structure
B) ​discovering DNA
C) ​first isolating DNA
D) ​building the first DNA model
E) ​cloning DNA

Question 31

Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many aspects of DNA's structure?

A) ​transformation
B) ​transmission electron microscopy
C) ​density-gradient centrifugation
D) ​x-ray crystallography
E) ​chromatography

Question 32

Which statement is false with regard to mutations?

A) ​They are always dangerous.
B) ​They can occur as DNA replication errors.
C) ​They cannot be repaired after replication.
D) ​They may become cancerous.
E) ​They can be passed on to the next generation.

Question 33

Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of ____.

A) ​proteins
B) ​ultraviolet radiation
C) ​DNA
D) ​embryonic fluid
E) ​lipids

Question 34

Which statement is true of embryonic splitting?

A) It never occurs in nature.
B) It involves the genetic contribution of only one parent.
C) It produces immediate differentiation.
D) It is applied in animal husbandry to produce genetically diverse offspring.
E) It produces identical twins.

Question 35

Rosalind Franklin created the first ____.

A) ​clear x-ray diffraction image of DNA is it occurs in cells
B) ​model of DNA's nucleotide bases
C) ​experiment to test whether base-pairs differ among species
D) ​hypothesis surrounding the nature of a hereditary molecule
E) ​results proving that bases exist on the outside of a helix

Question 36

DNA polymerase assembles new strands in a ____.

A) ​5' to 3' direction only
B) ​5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand
C) ​5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the second half of a strand
D) ​3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the second half of a strand
E) ​3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand

Question 37

Which statement is false with regard to adult cell cloning?

A) ​It involves differentiated cells.
B) ​It occurs with some frequency in nature.
C) ​It involves rewinding the developmental clock.
D) ​It involves an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
E) ​It may involve nuclear transfer.

Question 38

Each DNA double helix has a backbone that consists of alternating ____.

A) ​covalent and ionic bonds
B) ​nitrogen-containing bases
C) ​hydrogen bonds
D) ​sugar and phosphate molecules
E) ​covalent and hydrogen bonds

Question 39

In a 3-D double helix model of DNA, the center consists of ____.

A) ​deoxyribose sugars
B) ​hydrogen bonds
C) ​nucleotide base pairs
D) ​phosphate groups
E) ​sugar-phosphate backbones

Question 40

Figure 8.11.
Which base-pairing system is correct?

A) ​A to G; T to C
B) ​A to T; G to C
C) ​A to C; G to T
D) ​A to T or C; G to C or A
E) ​A to T or G; G to C or A

Question 41

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Griffith

Question 42

​Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.​guanine
b.​cytosine
c.​pyrimidine
d.​thymine
e.​uracil
This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

Question 43

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Hershey and Chase

Question 44

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Wilkins

Question 45

A free nucleotide has a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), ____________________ phosphate group(s), and one of four nitrogen-containing bases.

Question 46

​Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.​guanine
b.​cytosine
c.​pyrimidine
d.​thymine
e.​uracil
Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this nucleotide.

Question 47

Consider the Hershey-Chase experiment. Is their choice of a bacteriophage unusual?

Question 48

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Franklin

Question 49

Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?

Question 50

​Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.​guanine
b.​cytosine
c.​pyrimidine
d.​thymine
e.​uracil
This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.

Question 51

In ____________________, one somatic cell is fused with an enucleated egg.

Question 52

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Chargaff

Question 53

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Watson and Crick

Question 54

Experiments with bacteria and ____________________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not protein, is the hereditary material.

Question 55

​Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.​guanine
b.​cytosine
c.​pyrimidine
d.​thymine
e.​uracil
If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this nucleotide complements it on the other chain.

Question 56

A bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication. How many cells would result, and how many of those cells would still have part of an original DNA strand from the starting bacterium?

Question 57

DNA is replicated by a process called ____________________.

Question 58

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Miescher

Question 59

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Avery and McCarty

Question 60

​Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.​guanine
b.​cytosine
c.​pyrimidine
d.​thymine
e.​uracil
Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.

Question 61

Is it possible to prevent mutations entirely?