Deck 14: Chromosomes and Human Inheritance

Question 1

Polyploidy can be described as ____.

A) ​only occurring artificially
B) ​only occurring when there is one set of chromosomes
C) ​fatal to all living things
D) ​occurring in about 20% of flowering plants
E) ​fatal in humans but common in flowering plants

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Who is a carrier of an X-linked trait?

A) ​homozygous dominant female
B) ​heterozygous female
C) ​homozygous recessive female
D) ​homozygous male
E) ​heterozygous male

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Males tend to be affected in greater numbers by X-linked recessive genetic disorders than are females because​

A) ​females have two dominant genes for the disorder.
B) ​males have only one X chromosome.
C) ​males have a double dose of the gene.
D) ​Y chromosomes are not as strong as X chromosomes.
E) ​females have only one X chromosome.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which combination makes the most sense from an evolutionary perspective?

A) ​light skin and vitamin D deficiency
B) ​light skin and extensive exposure to sun
C) ​dark skin and little exposure to sun
D) ​dark skin and folate deficiency
E) ​light skin and little sun, or dark skin and lots of sun

Question 5

Figure 14.8

The accompanying figure represents which chromosomal change?

A) ​inversion
B) ​deletion
C) ​duplication
D) ​translocation
E) ​aneuploidy

Question 6

A transfer of genes between non-homologous chromosomes is known as

A) ​crossing over.
B) ​aneuploidy.
C) ​trisomy.
D) ​translocation.
E) ​duplication.

Question 7

If a daughter expresses an X-linked recessive trait, she inherited the trait from____.

A) ​her mother
B) ​her father
C) ​both parents
D) ​neither parent
E) ​her grandmother

Question 8

A chromosome's gene sequence that was ABCDEFG before damage and ABFEDCG after is an example of

A) ​inversion.
B) ​deletion.
C) ​duplication.
D) ​translocation.
E) ​aneuploidy.

Question 9

What can be said about sex-determination in humans?

A) ​All human sperm carry a Y chromosome.
B) ​25% of human zygotes are XY.
C) ​All zygotes carry a Y chromosome.
D) ​Sex depends upon which type of sperm fertilizes the egg.
E) ​All human eggs carry a Y chromosome.

Question 10

How many genes are involved in determining skin color?​

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​10
D) ​20
E) ​more than 100

Question 11

The potential causes of chromosomal aberrations include​

A) ​viruses only.
B) ​radiation only.
C) ​a set of specific chemicals.
D) ​viruses and radiation only.
E) ​viruses, radiation, and various chemicals.

Question 12

A woman heterozygous for color blindness (an X-linked recessive allele) marries a man with normal color vision. What is the probability that their first child (male or female) will be color blind?​

A) ​25%
B) ​50%
C) ​75%
D) ​100%
E) ​0%

Question 13

Which statement about sex chromosomes is correct?

A) ​The Y chromosome carries a greater number of genes for nonsexual traits than does the X.
B) ​X and Y are different in size but carry nearly equal numbers of genes.
C) ​The X chromosome carries more genes for nonsexual traits than does the Y.
D) ​The X chromosome carries only gender-related genes.
E) ​The X chromosome carries the SRY gene.

Question 14

A human X-linked disorder is

A) ​found only in males.
B) ​more frequently expressed in females.
C) ​found on the Y chromosome.
D) ​transmitted from father to son.
E) ​more frequently expressed in males.

Question 15

The probability of producing a normal child by two parents who are carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder is ____.

A) ​0%
B) ​25%
C) ​50%
D) ​75%
E) ​100%

Question 16

Figure 14.3

Which of the following is the genetic condition observed in the woman on the left in the above figure?

A) ​Huntington's disease
B) ​achondroplasia
C) ​triple recessive condition
D) ​galactosemia
E) ​muscular dystrophies

Question 17

Figure 14.3

Achondroplasia ____.

A) ​is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition
B) ​affects about one in one million people
C) ​affects only homozygotes
D) ​is characterized by abnormally short arms and legs
E) ​is inherited as an X-linked disorder

Question 18

A chromosome's gene sequence that was ABCDEFG before modification and ABCDCDEFG afterward is an example of​

A) ​inversion.
B) ​deletion.
C) ​duplication.
D) ​translocation.
E) ​aneuploidy.

Question 19

The accompanying figure represents which chromosomal change?

A) ​inversion
B) ​deletion
C) ​duplication
D) ​translocation
E) ​aneuploidy

Question 20

The accompanying figure represents which chromosomal change?

A) ​inversion
B) ​deletion
C) ​duplication
D) ​translocation
E) ​aneuploidy

Question 21

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
inversion

Question 22

It is now possible to analyze the genetics of an in vitro fertilized embryo by

A) ​fetoscopy.
B) ​amniocentesis.
C) ​chorionic villi sampling.
D) ​pre-implantation diagnosis.
E) ​post-implantation diagnosis.

Question 23

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
SLC24A5

Question 24

__________ is a diagnostic tool that reveals missing or extra chromosomes and some structural changes in an individual's chromosomes.

Question 25

Males that tend to be taller than average and show mild mental impairment may have​

A) ​XXY chromosomes.
B) ​XYY chromosomes.
C) ​Turner syndrome.
D) ​Down syndrome.
E) ​Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 26

Changes in chromosome number are usually the result of​

A) ​genetic displacement.
B) ​trisomy.
C) ​crossing over.
D) ​nondisjunction.
E) ​disjunction.

Question 27

Amniocentesis involves sampling

A) ​the fetus directly.
B) ​the fetal cells floating in the amniotic fluid.
C) ​sperm.
D) blood cells.
E) ​placental cells.

Question 28

Symptoms of phenylketonuria (PKU) may be minimized or suppressed by a diet low in

A) ​serine.
B) glycine.
C) ​phenylalanine.
D) ​proline.
E) ​glutamic acid.

Question 29

What is the sex chromosome composition of a person with Klinefelter syndrome?​

A) ​XXX
B) ​XO
C) ​XXY
D) ​XYY
E) ​YY

Question 30

Down syndrome involves trisomy ____.

A) ​3
B) ​5
C) ​15
D) ​19
E) ​21

Question 31

A prenatal diagnosis procedure that has recently come into wide use and can be performed earlier than amniocentesis involves sampling the _____.

A) ​yolk sac material
B) ​allantois
C) ​chorion
D) ​yolk sac
E) ​umbilical cord

Question 32

The human has __________ sets of autosomal chromosomes.

Question 33

Which syndrome is characterized by a karyotype with 45 chromosomes?​

A) ​Turner
B) ​Down
C) ​androgen insensitivity
D) ​Klinefelter
E) ​cri-du-chat

Question 34

PKU detection includes​

A) ​prenatal karyotyping.
B) ​urine analysis at puberty.
C) ​blood tests at puberty.
D) ​saliva tests.
E) ​urine analysis and blood tests at birth.

Question 35

The failure of chromosomes to separate during mitosis or meiosis is called

A) ​genetic displacement.
B) ​trisomy.
C) ​crossing over.
D) ​nondisjunction.
E) ​disjunction.

Question 36

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
​translocation

Question 37

Amniocentesis is _____.

A) ​a surgical means of repairing deformities
B) ​a form of chemotherapy that modifies or inhibits gene expression or the function of gene products
C) ​used in prenatal diagnosis to detect chromosomal mutations and metabolic disorders in embryos
D) ​a form of gene replacement therapy
E) ​commonly performed on newborns

Question 38

What is the sex chromosome composition of a person with Turner syndrome?​

A) ​XXX
B) ​XO
C) ​XXY
D) ​XYY
E) ​YY

Question 39

Rarely, a chromosome's structure becomes altered when part of it undergoes duplication, deletion, __________, or __________.

Question 40

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
duplication

Question 41

Match the cause with the disorder.​
a.​autosomal recessive inheritance; lactose metabolism is blocked
b.​nondisjunction of the twenty-first chromosomal pair
c.​X-linked recessive inheritance
d.​nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
Down syndrome

Question 42

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
A small region of a protein from three species is sequenced and found to be as follows:
Species X is alanine, glycine, threonine, alanine
Species Y is alanine, glycine, threonine, alanine
Species Z is alanine, valine, glycine, threonine, alanine
The difference in the amino acid sequence of species Z is most likely due to this.

Question 43

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below.​
a.​12
b.​23
c.​24
d.​46
e.​47
How many chromosomes does each somatic cell have in a human male who has two X chromosomes?

Question 44

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
A small region of a protein from three species is sequenced and found to be as follows:
Species X is alanine, glycine, glycine, threonine, alanine
Species Y is alanine, glycine, threonine, alanine
Species Z is alanine, glycine, glycine, threonine, alanine
The difference in the amino acid sequence of species Y is most likely due to this.

Question 45

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
Homologous sets of genes ABCDEF and ABCDEF are located on nonhomologous chromosomes.

Question 46

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
Homologous sets of genes ABCDEF and AEDCBF are located on homologous chromosomes.

Question 47

Match the cause with the disorder.​
a.​autosomal recessive inheritance; lactose metabolism is blocked
b.​nondisjunction of the twenty-first chromosomal pair
c.​X-linked recessive inheritance
d.​nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
red-green color blindness

Question 48

Match the cause with the disorder.​
a.​autosomal recessive inheritance; lactose metabolism is blocked
b.​nondisjunction of the twenty-first chromosomal pair
c.​X-linked recessive inheritance
d.​nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
galactosemia

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
triploidy

Question 50

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
trisomy

Question 51

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
The nucleotide sequences of homologous regions of DNA of two species are AATGCCCCGTTA and AATGCCCCGCTTA. If this is not the result of a nucleotide base-pair addition, then it is most likely the result of this.

Question 52

Match the cause with the disorder.​
a.​autosomal recessive inheritance; lactose metabolism is blocked
b.​nondisjunction of the twenty-first chromosomal pair
c.​X-linked recessive inheritance
d.​nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
hemophilia A

Question 53

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below.​
a.​12
b.​23
c.​24
d.​46
e.​47
How many chromosomes are present in each cell of the germ cell line for a tetraploid species whose normal complement of chromosomes is 48?

Question 54

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below.​
a.​12
b.​23
c.​24
d.​46
e.​47
How many chromosomes are present in the somatic cells of a child born with Down syndrome (trisomy 21)?

Question 55

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​3n; generally sterile
b.​a chromosome segment is permanently transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome
c.​(2n - 1); a zygote deprived of a chromosome
d.​a repeat of a particular DNA sequence in the same chromosome or in nonhomologous ones
e.​(2n + 1); three chromosomes of the same kind are present in a set of chromosomes
f.​a piece of the chromosome is inadvertently left out during the repair process
g.​encodes a transport protein in melanosome membranes
h.​a chromosome segment that has been cut out and rejoined at the same place, but backward
monosomy

Question 56

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below.​
a.​12
b.​23
c.​24
d.​46
e.​47
The normal sperm cell of species X carries 11 chromosomes. Following nondisjunction in the formation of secondary spermatocytes and their subsequent fertilization of normal ova, some of the zygotes will have 21 chromosomes, and the remainder will have how many chromosomes?

Question 57

Select the best process listed below for each of the following statements. Note that you need to know that the sequence of amino acids directly reflects the sequence of genes that coded for their placement.​
a.​inversion
b.​deletion
c.​gene duplication
d.​translocation
e.​addition
Homologous sets of genes ABCDEF and aBCdEF are located on nonhomologous chromosomes. Crossing over between them is suppressed because their locations are the result of this.

Question 58

Match the cause with the disorder.​
a.​autosomal recessive inheritance; lactose metabolism is blocked
b.​nondisjunction of the twenty-first chromosomal pair
c.​X-linked recessive inheritance
d.​nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
Turner syndrome

Question 59

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below.​
a.​12
b.​23
c.​24
d.​46
e.​47
Following a gene duplication event involving only five loci, how many chromosomes will a human female have?

Question 60

Select the disorder that best matches each the following statements.​
a.​galactosemia
b.​Turner syndrome
c.progeria
d.​hemophilia A
e.​Down syndrome
This disorder is an autosomal dominant disorder.

Question 61

Hemophilia is caused by an X-linked recessive gene. A normal woman whose father had hemophilia marries a normal man. What are the chances of hemophilia in their children?​

Question 62

An X-linked recessive gene (c) produces red-green color blindness. A normal woman whose father was color blind marries a color-blind man.
(a)What are the possible genotypes for the mother of the color-blind man?
(b)What are the possible genotypes for the father of the color-blind man?
(c)What are the chances that the first son will be color blind?
(d)What are the chances that the first daughter will be color blind?

Question 63

Select the disorder that best matches each the following statements.​
a.​galactosemia
b.​Turner syndrome
c.progeria
d.​hemophilia A
e.​Down syndrome
This disorder is due to a sex chromosome abnormality probably caused by nondisjunction of sex chromosomes at meiosis.

Question 64

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Two normal-vision parents have a color-blind son. Indicate the genotype and phenotype of each parent and the son.

Question 65

Short index fingers (shorter than the ring finger) are dominant in males and recessive in females, whereas long index fingers (as long as or longer than ring fingers) are dominant in females and recessive in males. Give the F2 genotype and phenotype resulting from the cross of a male with long index fingers with a female with short index fingers.

Question 66

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive gene. Two normal-vision parents produce a color-blind child.
(a)Is this child male or female?
(b)What are the genotypes of the parents?
(c)What are the chances that their next child will be a color-blind daughter?

Question 67

Select the disorder that best matches each the following statements.​
a.​galactosemia
b.​Turner syndrome
c.progeria
d.​hemophilia A
e.​Down syndrome
This disorder is an autosomal recessive disorder.

Question 68

In humans, an X-linked disorder called coloboma iridia (a fissure in the iris) is a recessive trait. A normal couple has an afflicted daughter. The husband sues the wife for divorce on the grounds of infidelity. Would you find in his favor?

Question 69

Some conditions like progeria do not run in families despite being autosomal dominant. How is this possible?

Question 70

Which nondisjunction disorder must be due to an event in sperm development: XO, XXX, XXY or XYY?

Question 71

How did the cessation of crossing-over contribute to the disparity between the X and Y chromosomes?​

Question 72

Select the disorder that best matches each the following statements.​
a.​galactosemia
b.​Turner syndrome
c.progeria
d.​hemophilia A
e.​Down syndrome
This disorder is an X-linked recessive trait.

Question 73

A genetic disorder has been studied through multiple generations using pedigree analysis. Every person expressing the trait has an affected parent, and both sexes are equally affected. This suggests what sort of trait and why?

Question 74

If a father and a son are both color blind and the mother is normal, is it likely that the son inherited color blindness from his father?

Question 75

Select the disorder that best matches each the following statements.​
a.​galactosemia
b.​Turner syndrome
c.progeria
d.​hemophilia A
e.​Down syndrome
This disorder is also known as trisomy 21.

Question 76

Explain why Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a recessive condition, most commonly occurs in boys.