Deck 19: Lifes Origin and Early Evolution

Question 1

The byproduct of the metabolism of cyanobacteria that had the most effect on the further evolution of life is ____.

A) ​oxygen gas
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​water
D) ​nitrogen gas
E) ​hydrogen gas

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Aerobic respiration became established as a result of the evolution of ____.

A) ​the first protocells
B) ​the first true cells
C) ​metabolism
D) ​the nuclear envelope
E) ​the oxygen-producing pathway of photosynthesis

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A hypothesis currently getting a lot of attention concerning the origin of biological molecules is that they originated ____.

A) ​in hot springs
B) ​near volcanoes
C) ​near hydrothermal oceanic vents
D) ​in salt lakes
E) ​in tidal pools

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere ____.

A) ​was a result of the accumulation of a byproduct of a type of photosynthesis
B) ​caused the further spontaneous generation of life
C) ​provided the opportunity to extract more energy through anaerobic respiration
D) ​occurred immediately after the earth was formed
E) ​allowed for DNA to replace RNA as the primary data storage molecule

Question 5

The first eukaryotic fossils are dated to about ____.

A) ​2.7 billion years ago
B) ​1.8 billion years ago
C) ​1.5 billion years ago
D) ​750 million years ago
E) ​201 million years ago

Question 6

The ozone layer is valuable because it blocks​

A) ​heat.
B) ​UV radiation.
C) ​radio waves.
D) ​asteroids.
E) ​X-rays.

Question 7

Fossils indicate that the first cells were similar to existing ____.

A) ​viruses
B) ​fungi
C) ​prokaryotes
D) ​eukaryotes
E) ​algae

Question 8

The first cells were ____.
Anaerobic

A) ​autotrophic
B) ​parasitic
C) ​anaerobic
D) ​aerobic
E) ​necrotic

Question 9

Figure 19.3

The apparatus in the accompanying figure was used in the primitive Earth atmosphere simulation experiments performed by

A) ​Stanley Miller.
B) ​Günter Wächtershäuser.
C) ​Australian researchers.
D) ​Kwang Jeon.
E) Francis Crick.

Question 10

DNA is believed to have replaced RNA as the main information molecule because _____.

A) ​DNA contains thymine and RNA does not.
B) ​DNA is double-stranded and breaks less easily.
C) ​DNA can store more protein-building instructions in less space.
D) ​RNA can also function as an enzyme.
E) ​RNA can regulate gene expression.

Question 11

The study of life's origins and distribution in the universe is called​

A) ​astronomy.
B) ​xenology.
C) ​volcanology.
D) ​lunology.
E) ​astrobiology.

Question 12

Figure 19.3

The area in which there is a spark discharge in the accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ​sunlight energy in the environment.
B) ​heat energy in the environment.
C) ​electrical energy in the environment.
D) ​ionizing radiation in the environment.
E) ​the explosion of the hydrogen gas to release energy for the reactions.

Question 13

Chemical evolution started on Earth ____.

A) ​after the appearance of prokaryotic cells
B) ​long before any cells emerged
C) ​after the appearance of eukaryotic cells
D) ​after the appearance of eukaryotic cells but before the appearance of multicellular organisms
E) ​after the appearance of multicellular organisms

Question 14

The "big bang" refers to​

A) ​an event marking the beginning of the universe.
B) ​the extinction of the dinosaurs.
C) ​the inevitable end of the universe.
D) ​the collision of the first galaxies forming the universe as it is today.
E) ​the inevitable death of large stars.

Question 15

Life probably would never have emerged on Earth if the ancient atmosphere had been the same as the present one in regard to the content of ____.

A) ​carbon dioxide
B) hydrogen
C) ​oxygen
D) ​nitrogen
E) ​carbon monoxide

Question 16

Four of the following were likely in Earth's earliest atmosphere. Which one was not?​

A) ​hydrogen
B) ​nitrogen
C) ​oxygen
D) ​carbon dioxide
E) ​water vapor

Question 17

Miller's reaction chamber contained gases intended to simulate the atmosphere of the ancient Earth. Which gas was NOT included in this chamber?​

A) ​carbon dioxide
B) ​methane
C) ​ammonia
D) ​water vapor
E) ​hydrogen gas

Question 18

The formation of amino acids under abiotic conditions was important because they serve as ____.

A) ​a supply of structural units for proteins
B) ​enzymes to catalyze reactions
C) ​subunits in the formation of DNA
D) ​subunits in the formation of RNA
E) ​subunits for the formation of lipids

Question 19

Four of the following statement about protocells are true. Which statement is false?​

A) ​They are simple membrane-bound sacs.
B) ​They contain DNA.
C) ​They are able to engage in metabolism.
D) ​They are able to reproduce.
E) ​They are able to capture energy.

Question 20

Which step in the evolution of life is the most complex and probably occurred last?​

A) ​formation of DNA
B) ​formation of protein-RNA systems
C) ​formation of membrane-bound proto-cells
D) ​spontaneous formation of organic compounds under abiotic conditions
E) ​formation of ATP

Question 21

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Gemmata obscuriglobus

Question 22

The first major divergence of life followed the origin of ____.

A) ​aerobic respiration
B) ​nucleic acids
C) ​endomembrane system
D) ​cells
E) ​endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria

Question 23

Which of these organisms is NOT included in the Eukarya?​

A) ​heterotrophic bacteria
B) ​heterotrophic protists
C) ​fungi
D) ​animals
E) ​plants

Question 24

Chloroplasts ____.

A) ​resemble photosynthetic bacteria
B) ​utilize the same pigments regardless of what organism they are in
C) ​apparently evolved from mitochondria
D) ​utilize DNA derived from the nucleus
E) ​are found in prokaryotes

Question 25

The endomembrane system did not start developing until the atmosphere was ____.

A) ​high in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide
B) ​high in hydrogen, low in oxygen
C) ​changing from low oxygen to high oxygen levels
D) ​firmly in the age of aerobes
E) ​low in hydrogen, low in oxygen

Question 26

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Rickettsia prowazekii

Question 27

During the first major divergence of life, the atmosphere was ____.

A) ​high in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide
B) ​high in hydrogen, low in oxygen
C) ​changing from anaerobic to aerobic
D) ​firmly in the age of aerobes
E) ​high in oxygen, low in carbon dioxide

Question 28

The ____ hypothesis states that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria.

A) ​invagination
B) ​exosymbiont
C) ​membrane folding
D) ​captured bacteria
E) ​endosymbiont

Question 29

The endosymbiont hypothesis is supported by the work of ____ on bacteria-infected Amoeba proteus.

A) ​Stanley Miller
B) ​Kwang Jeon
C) ​Leslie Orgel
D) Harold Urey
E) ​Australian researchers

Question 30

The oldest proposed cell microfossils are from ____ year-old rocks.

A) ​3.5 billion
B) ​1.25 billion
C) ​1.8 billion
D) ​1.5 billion
E) ​500 million

Question 31

The folding inward of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryote likely evolved into ____.

A) ​the Golgi apparatus
B) ​protists
C) ​DNA
D) ​the nucleus
E) ​mitochondria

Question 32

The earliest type of eukaryotic organism currently known is a type of ____.

A) ​virus
B) ​bacterium
C) ​alga
D) ​animal-like protist
E) ​fungus

Question 33

The archaea include which of the following?​

A) ​extreme thermophiles
B) ​alga
C) ​protista
D) ​animals
E) ​plants

Question 34

Four the following statements are true about the mitochondrion. Which statement is false?​

A) ​It has its own DNA.
B) ​Its DNA has few noncoding regions between genes.
C) ​It evolved from chloroplasts.
D) ​It resembles bacteria in structure.
E) ​It resembles bacteria in size.

Question 35

What is the most probable basis for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts?​

A) ​Bacteria can be taken up by host cells.
B) ​Light is an energy source.
C) ​ATP can carry energy.
D) ​Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis.
E) ​Energy can be transformed from one form to another.

Question 36

According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, eukaryotic cells evolved after and as a consequence of ____.

A) ​the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis
B) ​anaerobic respiration
C) ​cell division
D) ​mutual dependency
E) ​chemosynthesis

Question 37

The bacterial species Gemmata obscuriglobus can withstand high levels of radiation because ____.

A) ​it has a membrane around its DNA
B) ​its DNA is extra stable
C) ​it is protected from the radiation by chloroplasts
D) ​its Golgi bodies decontaminate the cell
E) ​its circular DNA is inherently stable

Question 38

Which process is NOT associated with structures that are formed from the extensive infolding of eukaryotic membranes?​

A) ​concentration of nutrients
B) ​cell division
C) ​transport of proteins
D) ​protection of metabolic machinery
E) ​greater surface area for metabolism

Question 39

What is the strongest evidence for the idea that present-day eukaryotic aerobes are the descendants of the successful symbiotic association of anaerobes and aerobes?​

A) ​Mitochondria can produce ATP.
B) ​A mitochondrion can survive indefinitely when removed from a eukaryotic cell.
C) ​A mitochondrion has its own set of DNA molecules.
D) ​Fossilized mitochondria are older than the oldest fossilized eukaryotes.
E) ​All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Question 40

Chloroplasts are thought to have originated as endosymbiotic associations when aerobic bacteria engulfed photosynthetic cells. This relationship was favored by the production of ____ by the endosymbiont.

A) ​glucose
B) ​hydrogen ions
C) ​ATP
D) ​oxygen
E) ​water

Question 41

Are the three methods of producing the building blocks of life proposed in this chapter mutually exclusive?

Question 42

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
He/she studies protocell formation both in the laboratory and in the field.

Question 43

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
He/she suggested that RNA may have been the first molecule to encode genetic information.

Question 44

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
ribozymes

Question 45

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
He/she conducted the first primitive atmosphere simulation experiment.

Question 46

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
He/she provided experimental evidence for endosymbiosis.

Question 47

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
biomarker

Question 48

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
stromatolites

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
cyanobacteria​

Question 50

According to the __________, the universe formed about 13 to 15 billion years ago and is still expanding.

Question 51

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
protocells

Question 52

Provide evidence to both support and refute the current existence of life on Mars.

Question 53

Would the evidence suggest that mitochondria or chloroplasts were the first to evolve through endosymbiosis?

Question 54

Laboratory simulations provide indirect evidence that organic compounds such as __________ and __________ self-assemble spontaneously under conditions like those thought to have prevailed on the early Earth.

Question 55

__________ is a field of study concerned with the origins, evolution, and persistence of life on Earth as it relates to life in the universe.

Question 56

Proteins that speed metabolic reactions might have first formed when reactants could have begun interacting inside tiny holes in rocks near deep-sea __________.

Question 57

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Amoeba proteus

Question 58

Membrane-like structures form when proteins or lipids are mixed with water. They serve as a model for __________, which may have preceded cells.

Question 59

What can RNA do that DNA cannot that makes RNA a good starting point for life?​

Question 60

Choose the most appropriate statement that matches each term.
a.a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type.
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.a bacterial species thought to be a close relative of the bacteria ancestral to mitochondria
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.bacteria able to withstand high levels of mutation-causing radiation
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).h.RNAs that function as enzymes
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Bangiomorpha pubescens