Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

According to Jacques Loeb,an early behaviorist,why do certain animals turn toward the light?​

A)Even invertebrates such as caterpillars have desires and purposes.
B)​Even invertebrates such as caterpillars learn by copying others' behaviors.
C)Animals that approach the light are afraid of the dark.​
D)Light causes more muscle tension on one side than the other.​

Answer 1

Light causes more muscle tension on one side than the other.​

Question 2

Behaviorists would at once REJECT which of these statements?​

A)A worm increases its activity in the presence of bright light.
B)​A worm turns toward the food that it likes better.
C)A worm increases its activity when its body temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius.
D)A worm moves upward more slowly than it moves downward.​

Answer 2

​A worm turns toward the food that it likes better.

Question 3

Why do behaviorists insist that thoughts are not the causes of behavior?​

A)Thought processes are too slow to explain most behaviors.
B)​Most people have trouble describing their thoughts clearly.
C)​Much of behavior depends on unconscious thought processes.
D)The events that caused the thoughts are the real causes.​

Answer 3

The events that caused the thoughts are the real causes.​

Question 4

​Which topics are of the LEAST interest to behaviorists?

A)Conscious and unconscious thought
B)​Classical and operant conditioning
C)​Animal and human learning
D)​Stimuli and responses

Question 5

What is an unconditioned reflex?​

A)An automatic connection between a stimulus and a response
B)​A learned connection between a stimulus and a response
C)A procedure for teaching an animal to respond to a stimulus​
D)A response that has generalized from a trained stimulus to a new stimulus​

Question 6

Which of the following did Ivan Pavlov study?​

A)Social learning theory
B)​Operant conditioning
C)Classical conditioning​
D)The zone of proximal development​

Question 7

A behaviorist would be willing to accept which of these explanations?​

A)The rat turned toward the light because it likes to explore its environment.
B)​The rat turned toward the light because it enjoys being able to see what is around it.
C)The rat turned toward the light because of previous reinforcements for approaching light.​
D)The rat turned toward the light because it was afraid of the dark.​

Question 8

If Jennifer reacts to a sound with increased heart rate,which of the following would NOT be a possible explanation,according to behaviorists?​

A)The sound had previously been paired with shock.
B)​The sound resembled a similar sound that was previously paired with shock.
C)​She had previously received rewards for activity in the presence of this sound.
D)​She was frightened by the sound.

Question 9

​What do we call the psychologists who study only observable actions?

A)Psychoanalysts
B)​Humanistic psychologists
C)Behaviorists​
D)Structuralists​

Question 10

"An animal goes a particular direction only because its legs carry it there.Every action is a response to a stimulus present at the moment." Which psychologists would endorse these statements?​

A)Developmental theorists, such as Jean Piaget
B)​Psychoanalysts, such as Sigmund Freud
C)Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers​
D)The earliest behaviorists, such as Jacques Loeb​

Question 11

Who discovered classical conditioning?​

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)​B. F. Skinner
C)Edward Thorndike​
D)Jean Piaget​

Question 12

Of the following,which is a behaviorist LEAST likely to study?​

A)Mental states
B)Animal learning​
C)​Reflexes
D)Stimulus-response connections​

Question 13

Behaviorism began as a protest against psychologists who tried to study what?​

A)Reflexive acts
B)Evolution​
C)Animal learning​
D)​Mental states

Question 14

​Which of these do modern behaviorists believe?

A)All behavior can be described as responses to current stimuli.
B)​The causes of behavior include past experiences and current stimuli.
C)People have a free will that science cannot explain.​
D)Psychologists should conduct research on the nature of conscious thought.​

Question 15

Why do behaviorists argue that your thoughts do not cause your behaviors?​

A)Thoughts are brain processes, and behaviors are muscle activities.
B)Behavior depends on free will that science cannot explain.​
C)It is difficult to understand people's unconscious thoughts.​
D)Past and present events caused your thoughts.​

Question 16

"I thought about it and decided what to do." Why would behaviorists reject that statement?​

A)Behaviorists care about animal behavior and not human behavior.
B)Your thoughts did not cause the action, because events caused your thoughts.​
C)Behaviorists rely entirely on explanations in terms of brain activity.​
D)Behaviorists explain behavior in terms of unconscious thoughts, not conscious ones.​

Question 17

Of the following,which is a behaviorist most likely to study?​

A)Animal learning
B)​Repressed memories
C)Unconscious thought processes​
D)Self-reported mental states​

Question 18

What has been the goal of behaviorism?​

A)To teach people to cooperate for the betterment of all
B)​To understand the differences between conscious and unconscious thought
C)To find basic laws of behavior, analogous to the laws of physics​
D)To understand how genetic differences guide behavioral development​

Question 19

​Which type of psychologist insists that psychologists should avoid mental explanations?

A)Psychoanalyst
B)​Behaviorist
C)​Cognitive psychologist
D)​Humanistic psychologist

Question 20

What is the goal of behaviorism?​

A)To teach people to get along with one another peacefully
B)​To understand the conscious and unconscious thoughts that produce behavior
C)​To understand behavior in simple nonmentalistic terms
D)​To trace behaviors to underlying genetics and brain processes

Question 21

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes.Soon,they blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

A)The tone is the conditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the conditioned response.
B)​The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and the tone is the conditioned response.
C)The tone is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned response.​
D)The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned response.​

Question 22

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The buzzer
B)​The food
C)​Salivation
D)Both the buzzer and the food​

Question 23

In classical conditioning,which of these becomes stronger as a result of training?​

A)The conditioned stimulus
B)​The conditioned response
C)The unconditioned stimulus​
D)The unconditioned response​

Question 24

In the first trial for classical conditioning,what response,if any,occurs?​

A)Only the unconditioned response
B)​Only the conditioned response
C)​Both a conditioned response and an unconditioned response
D)No response​

Question 25

In most of Pavlov's experiments,what did he measure?​

A)Lever pressing
B)​Salivation
C)Pecking at a disk​
D)​Heart rate

Question 26

People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What are the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and the tone is the unconditioned stimulus.
B)​The tone is the conditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the unconditioned stimulus.
C)The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the unconditioned stimulus.​
D)​The tone is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 27

People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes.Soon,they blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The tone
B)​The puff of air
C)The eyes​
D)Blinking​

Question 28

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the conditioned response?​

A)The buzzer
B)​The food
C)Salivation​
D)Both the buzzer and the food​

Question 29

If you want to produce classical conditioning,what procedure should you use?​

A)Pair the unconditioned stimulus with the unconditioned response.
B)Pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.​
C)Pair the conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.​
D)Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.​

Question 30

What is a conditioned response?​

A)A response that prevents the unconditioned stimulus
B)​An action made in the absence of any stimulus
C)​A learned response to the conditioned stimulus
D)​An unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 31

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the tone?

A)Conditioned response
B)​Unconditioned response
C)Conditioned stimulus​
D)​Unconditioned stimulus

Question 32

In Pavlov's experiments,which two elements were similar to each other?​

A)The CS and the UCS
B)​The CS and the CR
C)The CR and the UCR​
D)The UCS and the UCR​

Question 33

​When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the salivation?

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)​Unconditioned stimulus
C)Conditioned response and unconditioned response​
D)Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus​

Question 34

​Which of these is true at the beginning of an experiment on classical conditioning?

A)The CS and the UCS are similar.
B)​The CS automatically elicits the CR.
C)The UCS automatically elicits the UCR.​
D)The CS and the CR are similar.​

Question 35

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the conditioned stimulus?​

A)The buzzer
B)The food​
C)​Salivation
D)​Both the buzzer and the food

Question 36

​On the first trial for classical conditioning,what do the CS and UCS elicit?

A)The CS elicits no response and the UCS elicits no response
B)​The CS elicits no response and the UCS elicits the UCR
C)The CS elicits the CR and the UCS elicits the UCR​
D)The CS elicits the CR and the UCS elicits no response​

Question 37

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the buzzer?​

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)​Unconditioned stimulus
C)​Conditioned response
D)Unconditioned response​

Question 38

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the unconditioned response?​

A)The buzzer
B)​The food
C)​Salivation
D)​Both the buzzer and the food

Question 39

​Which of the following is NOT present on the first trial for classical conditioning?

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)​Conditioned response
C)​Unconditioned stimulus
D)Unconditioned response​

Question 40

​When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the food?

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)​Unconditioned stimulus
C)Conditioned response​
D)Unconditioned response​

Question 41

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What are the tone and the puff of air?

A)The tone is the conditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the unconditioned stimulus.
B)​The tone is the conditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the conditioned response.
C)The tone is the unconditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the unconditioned response.​
D)​The tone is the conditioned response and the puff of air is the unconditioned response.

Question 42

Suppose you pair a sound with food,leading to conditioned salivation.How could you produce extinction?​

A)Present neither stimulus.
B)Present a different stimulus, followed by food.​
C)Present the food without the sound.​
D)Present the sound without the food.​

Question 43

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the conditioned stimulus?

A)The tone
B)​The air puff
C)Blinking​
D)​The time between the tone and the air puff

Question 44

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is the clicking sound?​

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)Unconditioned stimulus​
C)Conditioned response​
D)Unconditioned response​

Question 45

​A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the conditioned response?

A)The drill sergeant
B)The word Fire!​
C)The loud sound​
D)Flinching​

Question 46

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is waking up?​

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)Unconditioned stimulus​
C)​Both conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)Both conditioned response and unconditioned response​

Question 47

A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The drill sergeant
B)​The word Fire!
C)​The loud sound
D)Flinching​

Question 48

​After classically conditioning some response,what procedure leads to extinction?

A)Ceasing all exposure to both the CS and the UCS
B)​Punishing all responses to the CS
C)​Presenting the UCS without the CS
D)Presenting the CS without the UCS​

Question 49

What is the procedure for producing extinction in classical conditioning?​

A)Presenting the conditioned stimulus and then the unconditioned stimulus
B)Presenting the conditioned stimulus, followed by nothing​
C)Presenting the unconditioned stimulus, followed by nothing​
D)Presenting no stimulus at all​

Question 50

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The clicking sound
B)The alarm​
C)Waking up​
D)The clock​

Question 51

How does extinction differ from forgetting?​

A)Specific experiences cause extinction. Passage of time leads to forgetting.
B)​Specific experiences cause forgetting. Passage of time leads to extinction.
C)Forgetting is temporary. Extinction is permanent.​

Question 52

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

A)The clicking sound
B)The alarm​
C)Waking up​
D)The clock​

Question 53

​After you produce classical conditioning,you repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.Which of the following will happen?

A)Acquisition
B)Generalization​
C)Discrimination​
D)Extinction​

Question 54

​Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is the alarm?

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)​Unconditioned stimulus
C)Conditioned response​
D)Unconditioned response​

Question 55

​In classical conditioning,which term describes a learned decrease in the conditioned response?

A)Generalization
B)​Extinction
C)​Spontaneous recovery
D)​Discrimination

Question 56

​A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry.After a few days,the baby's cry causes her milk to flow.What is the conditioned response?

A)The mother
B)The flow of milk​
C)The baby's cry​
D)The baby sucking​

Question 57

A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

A)The drill sergeant
B)The word Fire!​
C)The loud sound​
D)Flinching​

Question 58

People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.In this experiment,what is blinking?​

A)The conditioned stimulus
B)​The unconditioned stimulus
C)Both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus​
D)Both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response​

Question 59

​How could you extinguish a classically conditioned response?

A)Stop providing positive reinforcement.
B)Wait a long time without further training.​
C)Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus by itself.​
D)Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.​

Question 60

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry.After a few days,the baby's cry causes her milk to flow.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

A)The mother
B)The flow of milk​
C)The baby's cry​
D)The baby sucking​

Question 61

​Suppose you produce classical conditioning and then extinction.If you wait a long time and then test again,what will happen?

A)Generalization
B)Discrimination​
C)Spontaneous recovery​
D)Inhibition​

Question 62

A dog that was trained to salivate at the sight of a white square also salivates somewhat at the sight of a gray square.What is the dog displaying?​

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Extinction​
C)Spontaneous recovery​
D)Acquisition​

Question 63

​In which of these orders would events occur in classical conditioning?

A)Acquisition, spontaneous recovery, extinction
B)Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery​
C)Spontaneous recovery, acquisition, extinction​
D)Spontaneous recovery, extinction, acquisition​

Question 64

What procedure can produce stimulus generalization of a conditioned response?​

A)Extinguish the response, wait, and then present the conditioned stimulus again.
B)Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus.​
C)​Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
D)Test with something similar to the conditioned stimulus.​

Question 65

Someone who became nauseated after eating a mushroom also avoids a similar but harmless mushroom.This behavior is an example of what?​

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Stimulus discrimination​
C)Spontaneous recovery​
D)Extinction​

Question 66

​After Pavlov classically conditioned salivation to a sound,what procedure produced extinction?

A)Presenting a similar sound followed by food
B)Presenting the food without the sound​
C)Punishing the animal for salivating​
D)Presenting the sound without food​

Question 67

Under which circumstance would drug tolerance develop quickly?​

A)The user gradually increases the dose of the drug.
B)The user is unaware of when he/she receives the drug.​
C)The user varies the location and procedure for taking the drug.​
D)The user always takes the drug in the same environment.​

Question 68

If one tone predicts food (causing conditioned salivation),and a different tone does not,what happens?​

A)Discrimination
B)Stimulus generalization​
C)Spontaneous recovery​
D)Variable-interval responding​

Question 69

If people were classically conditioned by pairing a buzz with an air puff to the eyes,how could we test them for stimulus generalization?​

A)Present the buzz without the air puff.
B)Present the air puff without the buzz.​
C)​Pair the buzz with shock.
D)Present a similar sound.​

Question 70

In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the conditioned response?​

A)The procedure of administering the drug
B)The entry of the drug into the brain​
C)The social setting in which someone takes the drug​
D)The body's defenses against the drug

Question 71

Suppose you have been conditioned to show increased heart rate at the sight of a venomous snake.What would you have to do to demonstrate stimulus generalization?​

A)Continue your increased heart rate long after the snake has left.
B)Increase your heart rate at the sight of a harmless snake.​
C)Decrease your heart rate after the snake has left.​
D)​Report unpleasant dreams about a venomous snake.

Question 72

In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The procedure of administering the drug
B)​The entry of the drug into the brain
C)​The drug's effects on the body
D)The body's defenses against the drug​

Question 73

Someone stung by a jellyfish now fears anything floating in the water.This is an example of what?​

A)Habituation
B)Spontaneous recovery​
C)Discrimination​
D)​Stimulus generalization

Question 74

After Pavlov classically conditioned salivation to a sound,what produced spontaneous recovery?​

A)Presenting a similar sound followed by food
B)Presenting the food without the sound​
C)Producing extinction and then waiting before testing again​
D)Presenting the sound without food​

Question 75

What produces spontaneous recovery of a learned response?​

A)Acquisition of a conditioned response, then acquisition of a competing response
B)Extinction, long delay, and then testing again​
C)Acquisition of a conditioned response, then testing with a different but similar stimulus​
D)Acquisition, then generalization, then discrimination​

Question 76

​Classical conditioning has been offered as an explanation for which of the following?

A)Absolute pitch
B)Synesthesia​
C)Drug tolerance​
D)Bird migration​

Question 77

​In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the conditioned stimulus?

A)The procedure of administering the drug
B)The entry of the drug into the brain​
C)The drug's effects on the body​
D)The body's defenses against the drug​

Question 78

​What is spontaneous recovery?

A)A conditioned response to a stimulus that was not part of the training
B)A new response to the conditioned stimulus, not resembling the unconditioned response​
C)Increased response to a stimulus after a delay following extinction​
D)​A response after the conditioned response that produces the opposite result

Question 79

What is the "extinction" of a conditioned response?​

A)Forgetting a response after a long delay without training
B)​Learning to suppress the response
C)Total obliteration of the connection between stimulus and response​
D)Generalization of the response to new stimuli​

Question 80

What term applies when someone learns to respond to a stimulus and not to a similar one?​

A)Extinction
B)Stimulus generalization​
C)​Discrimination
D)​Spontaneous recovery