Deck 11: Sleep and Waking

Question 1

Industrial accident rates​ 

A)do not vary according to workers' shifts. 
B)are highest during the day. 
C)are highest in the evening. 
D)are highest at night.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sleep patterns are most likely to change at puberty due to:​ 

A)social pressures to stay out late with friends. 
B)a drop in the production of melatonin. 
C)the need to sleep more due to the adolescent growth spurt. 
D)changes in physical activity and eating patterns.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Chronic jet lag produces​ 

A)memory deficits. 
B)reduced need for sleep. 
C)increases in NREM. 
D)no observable symptoms.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The body's internal "master clock" is ​ 

A)the pons. 
B)the occipital cortex. 
C)the thalamus 
D)the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 5

Cells forming the retinohypothalamic pathway contain 

A)rhodopsin, the same photopigment found in rods. 
B)a variety of color photopigments. 
C)no photopigments. 
D)the photopigment melanopsin.

Question 6

Axons forming the retinohypothalamic pathway originate in​ 

A)cells within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 
B)cells within the pineal gland. 
C)non-image forming ganglion cells in the retina. 
D)color-sensitive ganglion cells in the retina.

Question 7

Sleep deprivation is​ 

A)not a serious problem, as research indicates that few adults ever experience too little sleep. 
B)not a serious problem, as individuals who set records for sleep deprivation suffer few ill effects. 
C)a serious problem for individual health, but rarely results in consequences that affect other people. 
D)a serious problem, as it is quite common and has been implicated in a number of disastrous decisions affecting large numbers of people.

Question 8

Jet lag is​ 

A)worse when one travels in an eastward direction. 
B)worse when one travels in a westward direction. 
C)worse when one travels in a northward direction. 
D)dependent on distance traveled, not direction.

Question 9

Andrew is an officer on a nuclear submarine that on occasion stays submerged for months,preventing any exposure to natural sunlight.To help maintain his normal sleeping habits,Andrew should​ 

A)not worry about sleep, because his internal biological clocks can function perfectly in the absence of sunlight. 
B)not try to go to sleep unless he can barely keep his eyes open. 
C)nap for 15-20-minute intervals once per day. 
D)maintain a regular schedule of eating and physical activity.

Question 10

During adolescence,most people​ 

A)continue their previous patterns of sleep and waking. 
B)require less sleep than at other points in the lifespan. 
C)temporarily act like "larks." 
D)temporarily act like "owls."

Question 11

External cues,such as the rising of the sun,used by animals to establish daily rhythms are known as​ 

A)phase shifts. 
B)zeitgebers. 
C)entrainment signals. 
D)circadian rhythms.

Question 12

Evening and night shift workers experience​ 

A)increased health problems, including higher rates of breast cancer. 
B)increased mild health problems, such as more frequent colds. 
C)about the same rate of health problems as workers on typical day shifts. 
D)decreased health problems, as they are able to obtain greater amounts of sleep.

Question 13

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)​ 

A)is the only biological clock in the body. 
B)is one of multiple, independent biological clocks in the body. 
C)may be viewed as the body's "master clock." 
D)responds more slowly to phase shifts than clocks in other types of tissue.

Question 14

Changing school start times to later in the morning​ 

A)has little effect on school performance of children and teens. 
B)boosts school performance of elementary students, but has no effect on teens and young adults. 
C)improves school performance of teens and young adults. 
D)decreases school performance of teens and young adults.

Question 15

You've been in college in Orange County,California,and you've been asked to interview for graduate school at Harvard on the east coast.If you have a choice,what schedule should you set for yourself,given the issue of jet lag?​ 
A) Fly out of LA at 5 p.m. PST and get into Boston at 2 a.m. EST for an 8 a.m. meeting with the Dean the same day.
B) Fly out of LA at 7 a.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 p.m. EST for an 8 a.m. meeting with the Dean the next day.
C) Fly out of LA at 7 a.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 p.m. EST for a 1 p.m. meeting with the Dean the next day.
D) Fly out of LA at 11 p.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 a.m. EST for a 3 p.m. meeting with the Dean the same day.

A)m. meeting with the Dean the next day. 

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?​ 

A)sleep-waking cycles 
B)menstrual cycles 
C)seasonal migration 
D)mating seasons

Question 17

Current research suggests that Americans​ 

A)are getting just about the right amount of sleep. 
B)are sleeping more than the amount that is considered healthy. 
C)are sleeping less than the amount that is considered healthy. 
D)sleep too little during the work week, but maintain a healthy lifestyle by catching up on sleep over the weekend.

Question 18

The free-running daily cycle of human beings is _________ hours long.​ 

A)between 22 and 23 
B)between 23 and 24 
C)between 24 and 25 
D)more than 30

Question 19

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the 

A)midbrain 
B)hypothalamus 
C)pons 
D)medulla

Question 20

Joshua,who is 19 years old,can't seem to get to sleep until about 2
A)m. and then struggles to get up on time in order to attend morning classes. It is most likely that Joshua​ 

A)has always been an "owl" and will continue this pattern throughout his adulthood. 
B)is currently an owl, but may or may not change to another pattern during his 20s. 
C)might not have been an owl previously, but will now maintain this pattern for the rest of his life. 
D) ​has been an owl up to young adulthood, but will change to a new pattern later in his 20s.

Question 21

If suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)tissue is transplanted from a short-period hamster into a normal hamster,​ 

A)no change can be observed. 
B)the normal hamster will show 20-hour cycles. 
C)the normal hamster will show 24-hour cycles. 
D)the normal hamster will show 25-hour cycles.

Question 22

Courtney believes that pulling regular "all-nighters" is an important part of being a college student and she frequently goes all night without any sleep at all.Given what you know about sleep cycles and sleep deprivation,what else can you assume about Courtney? 

A)She probably is just one of those people who doesn't need much sleep. 
B)She is a conscientious student who probably has a very high grade point average 
C)She probably has a lower grade point average than most of her classmates and often feels depressed. 
D)She has probably maintained this same pattern of sleeping since childhood.

Question 23

Which of the following is an accurate description of the effects of zeitgebers on the body's internal clocks?​ 

A)Both the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral clocks are affected more by light than any other type of zeitgeber. 
B)The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is more affected by light, whereas the peripheral clocks are more affected by feeding patterns. 
C)The peripheral clocks are more affected by light, whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is more affected by physical activity. 
D)Both the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral clocks are affected more by physical activity and feeding patterns than by light.

Question 24

John travels frequently to distant parts of the globe.He believes that adjusting his mealtimes to the destination time zone is helpful in dealing with jet lag.After studying the material in your textbook,you tell John that 

A)he's wasting his time, as adjusting his mealtimes will have little if any effect on jet lag. 
B)he should expect some benefits, as his suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is very responsive to changes in feeding patterns. 
C)he should expect some benefits, as his peripheral clocks should respond to changes in feeding patterns. 
D)this is a highly effective strategy, because both his SCN and peripheral clocks are highly sensitive to changes in feeding patterns.

Question 25

Melatonin is secreted by the 

A)superior colliculi. 
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). 
C)the pituitary gland. 
D)the pineal gland.

Question 26

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern is more common during the 

A)summer near the equator. 
B)winter near the equator. 
C)summer at higher latitudes. 
D)winter at higher latitudes.

Question 27

Melatonin is released during the 

A)day in diurnal species and during the night in nocturnal species. 
B)day in nocturnal species and during the night in diurnal species. 
C)day in both diurnal and nocturnal species. 
D)night in both diurnal and nocturnal species.

Question 28

Cortisol levels are normally 

A)highest in the morning. 
B)highest midday. 
C)highest in the evening. 
D)stable throughout the day.

Question 29

The labeled number 2 in this illustration indicates the​ 

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). 
B)preoptic area (POA). 
C)retina. 
D)basal forebrain.

Question 30

In fruit flies,levels of the proteins per and tim are highest during which of the stages illustrated in this figure? 

A)Number 1 
B)Number 2 
C)Number 3 
D)Number 4

Question 31

Jessica just watched an extremely scary video with her friends and is now finding it very difficult to get to sleep,even though she knows that she is very tired.It is most likely that Jessica's sleeplessness is related to increases in the release of 

A)melatonin.   
B)cortisol.   
C)dopamine. 
D)acetylcholine.

Question 32

As per and tim proteins degrade over time,​ 

A)the clock protein is inhibited, leading to greater production of per and tim. 
B)the clock protein is activated, leading to greater production of per and tim. 
C)more melatonin is released by the pineal gland, leading to greater production of per and tim. 
D)the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is inhibited, leading to less production of per and tim.

Question 33

In fruit flies,per and tim proteins:​ 

A)inhibit the clock protein. 
B)promote the production of the clock protein. 
C)are inhibited by the clock protein. 
D)inhibit the production of each other and the clock protein.

Question 34

The stress of crossing multiple time zones during air travel may 

A)increase the release of melatonin. 
B)decrease the release of melatonin. 
C)increase the release of cortisol. 
D)decrease the release of cortisol.

Question 35

Great Aunt Mary has always been a "lark," getting up early,working busily during the day and then going to bed relatively early.She recently had a slight stroke,and the only thing that seems different about her is that her normal periods of sleeping and waking have changed.Now,you never know when she will get up or when she will go to bed,and she is often up half the night but sleeping during the day.Given what you have learned about sleep and waking,which one of the following brain areas might have been affected by her stroke?​ 

A)the rubrospinal tract 
B)the retinohypothalamic pathway 
C)the mesolimbicstriatal pathway 
D)the thalamopituitary pathway

Question 36

A blood clot recently formed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Sam's hypothalamus.Fortunately,the clot was contained and he seems to be doing very well.However,there has been a change in his behavior.What might you expect that change to be?​ 

A)He has problems remembering names and faces. 
B)His vision is slightly blurred all the time. 
C)He seems to have problems with going to sleep and waking up at normal times. 
D)His muscular coordination is not as good as it used to be.

Question 37

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is active during the​ 

A)day for diurnal species and during the night for nocturnal species. 
B)day for nocturnal species and during the night for diurnal species. 
C)day for both diurnal and nocturnal species. 
D)night for both diurnal and nocturnal species.

Question 38

The origin of the SCN's rhythms may be​ 

A)exposure to the mother's rhythms in utero. 
B)input from the retinohypothalamic tract. 
C)exposure to melatonin. 
D)oscillations of protein production and degradation.

Question 39

Release of melatonin is suppressed by 

A)exposure of the animal to light. 
B)exposure of the animal to darkness. 
C)input from peripheral clocks. 
D)input from the superior colliculi.

Question 40

StStephanie,who lives in California,is preparing to compete in track and field at the Olympics in London. She plans to arrive in Londonephanie,who lives in California,is preparing to compete in track and field at the Olympics in London. She plans to arrive in London​ 

A)two weeks before competing, because her peripheral clocks in her muscles and lungs take longer than her suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to adjust to a new time zone. 
B)two weeks before competing, because her SCN requires this time in order to adjust to the new time zone. 
C)a couple of days before competing, because her SCN and peripheral clocks only require a short time to adjust to the new time zone. 
D)a couple of days before competing, because eastern travel is easier on her SCN and peripheral clocks than the western travel she experienced competing in Beijing.

Question 41

Which is the correct order of brain waves associated with the highest to lowest levels of alertness?​ 

A)gamma band, beta, alpha, theta, delta 
B)alpha, beta, gamma band, theta, delta 
C)alpha, beta, delta, gamma band, theta 
D)delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma band

Question 42

Muscle paralysis is typical during 

A)Stage 1 NREM sleep. 
B) Stage 2 NREM sleep.​ 
C)Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep. 
D)REM sleep.

Question 43

According to your text,which of the following might be evidence that you have normal ultradian rhythms?​ 
A)m. no matter how late you stay up the night before. 

A)Even though you love your psychology professor's lectures, about halfway through the second hour of class you find yourself nodding off. 
B)You are always hungry first thing in the morning no matter how late you ate the night before. 
C)You are always awake by 7
D) ​You always sleep 8 hours every night (no more, no less) unless you set your alarm to wake you earlier.

Question 44

Megan is participating in an EEG study at her university.Currently,she is awake,relaxed,and staring out the window while the technician takes some baseline readings.Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Megan's brain at this time? 

A)beta waves.   
B)alpha waves. 
C)theta waves. 
D)delta waves.

Question 45

The majority of time during a typical night's sleep is spent in _________ sleep.

A)Stage 1 NREM. 
B)Stage 2 NREM. 
C)Stages 3 and 4 NREM. 
D)REM

Question 46

Throughout the night's sleep,periods of REM sleep occur about every _________ minutes.​ 

A)30-60 
B)60-90 
C)90-120 
D)120-180

Question 47

K-complexes occur during _________ sleep.​ 

A)REM 
B)Stage 1 NREM 
C)Stage 2 NREM 
D)Stages 3 and 4 NREM

Question 48

Compared with Stage 3 NREM,Stage 4 NREM​ 

A)has a larger proportion of delta waves. 
B)includes more sleep spindles. 
C)has a larger proportion of theta waves. 
D)is often accompanied by myoclonia.

Question 49

Research comparing rates of Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern in Canada and Iceland has demonstrated that 

A)all populations living at high latitudes are equally likely to experience the condition. 
B) more Canadians experience the condition than Icelanders, suggesting that Icelanders may have developed some genetic protections against the condition.​ 
C) more Icelanders experience the condition than Canadians, suggesting that Canadians may have developed some genetic protections against the condition.​ 
D) native Icelanders or Canadians were unlikely to experience the condition, but people who immigrate to those countries are extremely vulnerable to the condition.​

Question 50

K-complexes occur 

A)during episodes of myoclonia. 
B) throughout all sleep stages, but primarily during REM.​ 
C) in response to awakening.​ 
D) spontaneously and in response to unexpected stimuli.​

Question 51

Waking is associated with 

A)alpha waves only. 
B) beta waves only.​ 
C) alternations between alpha and beta waves.​ 
D) alternations between alpha and theta waves.​

Question 52

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern may involve irregularities in the neurotransmitter 

A)serotonin.    
B)glutamate. 
C)norepinephrine. 
D)GABA.

Question 53

Joseph is participating in an EEG study at his university,and the researcher has just asked him to perform some difficult calculations in his head. Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Joseph's brain during this task? 

A)beta 
B) alpha​ 
C)theta 
D)delta

Question 54

Myoclonia is usually observed during​ 

A)waking. 
B)Stage 1 NREM sleep. 
C)Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep. 
D)REM sleep.

Question 55

Human ultradian cycles are about _________ minutes long.​ 

A)10-30 
B)30-60 
C)60-90 
D)90-120

Question 56

As the night progresses,​ 

A)NREM sleep decreases and REM sleep increases. 
B)REM sleep decreases and NREM sleep increases. 
C)REM and NREM sleep both decrease. 
D)REM and NREM sleep both increase.

Question 57

Desynchronous activity recorded by EEG is correlated with 

A)coma.    
B)Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. 
C) sleepwalking. 
D)​alertness.

Question 58

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern is usually treated by 

A)keeping the patient in a dark room during the day for a few days. 
B)administering cortisol. 
C)exposing the patient to bright lights. 
D)administering stimulant medication.

Question 59

EEG recordings during REM sleep are similar to _________ waves.

A)beta and alpha 
B) beta and theta​ 
C)alpha and theta 
D)theta and delta

Question 60

The transition from drowsy wakefulness to Stage 1 NREM sleep can usually be determined by the presence of more _________ wave activity.

A)beta 
B) delta​ 
C)alpha 
D)theta

Question 61

Electrical stimulation of the cells of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus results in immediate​ 

A)NREM sleep. 
B)wakefulness. 
C)REM sleep. 
D)coma.

Question 62

The purpose of the rapid eye movements that occur during REM sleep is​ 

A)to direct the eyes during dreaming. 
B)to reduce emotional stress. 
C)to maintain sleep in spite of high levels of brain activity. 
D)currently unknown.

Question 63

Which of the following structures are active during REM sleep,but not during wakefulness or NREM sleep?​ 

A)the locus coeruleus 
B)the raphe nucleus 
C)the basal forebrain 
D)the rostral pontine reticular formation

Question 64

Eye movements during REM sleep are associated with​ 

A)a PGO wave. 
B)a spike from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. 
C)a spike from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus. 
D)visual imagery of a static scene, as in stepping off a curb.

Question 65

The brain waves typical of NREM sleep appear to be the result of​ 

A)activity progressing from the pons to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the occipital cortex. 
B)activity in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. 
C)synchronization of cortical neurons by the thalamus. 
D)desynchronization of cortical neurons by the thalamus.

Question 66

Lesions in the preoptic area lead to​ 

A)constant NREM sleep. 
B)insomnia. 
C)constant REM sleep. 
D)normal sleep patterns, alternating between REM and NREM.

Question 67

The emotional quality of our dreams is most likely a result of the _________ during REM sleep​ 

A)activity of the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex. 
B)increased activity of the frontal lobes 
C)suppression of the primary visual cortex 
D)increased activity of the hippocampus

Question 68

The anterior raphe nuclei show the same pattern of activation during states of consciousness as the​ 

A)lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. 
B)preoptic area of the hypothalamus. 
C)locus coeruleus. 
D)pontine reticular formation.

Question 69

PGO waves are usually observed​ 

A)during Stages 1 and 2 of NREM sleep. 
B)during all stages of NREM sleep. 
C)during REM sleep. 
D)immediately after the subject awakens.

Question 70

Two pathways essential to wakefulness originate in the​ 

A)reticular formation of the medulla. 
B)lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. 
C)preoptic area of the hypothalamus. 
D)reticular formation of the rostral pons.

Question 71

REM sleep becomes possible when the​ 

A)reduced activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei disinhibits the rostral pontine reticular formation. 
B)increased activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei stimulates the rostral pontine reticular formation. 
C)increased activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei inhibits the rostral pontine reticular formation. 
D)decreased activity of the rostral pontine reticular formation stimulates the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei.

Question 72

Your roommate swears he never dreams.How might you prove differently to him?​ 

A)Buy him a dream-catcher and hang it by his bed. 
B)Keep him awake for 48 hours and then he would remember his dreams. 
C)Have him concentrate on something he wants to dream about before he goes to sleep, and then see if he remembers dreaming when he wakes up. 
D)Watch him sleep, and when his eyes begin to move under his closed eyelids, wake him up, and he will probably realize he was dreaming.

Question 73

PGO spikes travel which of the following pathways?​ 

A)from the pons to the hypothalamus to the occipital cortex 
B)from the pons to the thalamus to the occipital cortex 
C)from the pons to the medulla to the spinal cord 
D)from the locus coeruleus to the hypothalamus to the cerebral cortex

Question 74

Which of the following correctly describes the activity level of the locus coeruleus during different states of consciousness?​ 

A)active during wakefulness and REM sleep, but silent during NREM sleep 
B)active during wakefulness, quieter during NREM sleep, and silent during REM sleep 
C)silent during wakefulness, active during REM sleep, and silent during NREM sleep 
D)active during wakefulness and silent during both REM and NREM sleep

Question 75

The muscular paralysis associated with REM sleep results from 

A)inhibition of the primary motor cortex by the pontine reticular formation. 
B)PGO spikes. 
C)inhibition originating in the reticular formation and traveling to the spinal cord. 
D)inhibition of the basal ganglia.

Question 76

During REM sleep,​ 

A)the hippocampus is relatively inactive. 
B)primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe is unusually active. 
C)the frontal lobes are unusually active. 
D)the frontal lobes are relatively inactive.

Question 77

Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep occur​ 

A)every 90 minutes or so throughout the night's sleep. 
B)primarily during the first four hours of sleep. 
C)primarily during the second four hours of sleep 
D)more frequently as the night's sleep progresses.

Question 78

The extent of an organism's sleep debt is tracked by which of the following structures?​ 

A)the locus coeruleus 
B)the raphe nuclei 
C)the lateral geniculate nucleus 
D)the preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 79

Wakefulness is associated with high levels of​ 

A)acetylcholine and GABA. 
B)acetylcholine and histamine 
C)histamine and melatonin. 
D)adenosine and histamine.

Question 80

Unless some type of pathology is present,the first segment of sleep is​ 

A)always REM. 
B)always NREM. 
C)a mixture of REM and NREM. 
D)a special state that cannot be characterized as either REM or NREM.