Deck 30: Green Algae and Land Plants

Question 1

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

A)the trend toward smaller size
B)the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle
C)the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
D)the trend toward larger gametophytes

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What do the fuels wood,peat,coal,and ethanol have in common?

A)They are derived from fossilized animals.
B)They are formed from living or fossilized plants.
C)They are formed under pressure deep in the Earth.
D)All of these answers apply.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

A)waxy cuticle to increase evaporation from leaves
B)vascular tissue to conduct water and sugars
C)sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves
D)remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells
E)loss of structures that produce spores

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group.This suggests that

A)there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.
B)wind-pollinated plants arose first.
C)land plants have undergone a diversification since they first colonized terrestrial habitats.
D)there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.

Question 5

Because they are morphologically simple,Psilotophyta have traditionally been thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants.Molecular phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that

A)they are the sister group to the seed plants.
B)they represent a grade rather than a monophyletic group.
C)they have lost complex structures in this lineage.
D)they represent a lineage that forms a monophyletic group with Lycophyta.

Question 6

According to the fossil record,plants colonized terrestrial habitats

A)in conjunction with insects that pollinated them.
B)in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.
C)from marine habitats.
D)only about 150 million years ago.

Question 7

To colonize,land plants had to overcome a number of difficulties.However,once this occurred,they were able to exploit more abundant resources.Which of the following resources are more plentiful on land than in water?

A)carbon dioxide
B)nitrogen
C)water
D)light

Question 8

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low,sprawling growth habit?

A)At the time of the first land plants,the atmosphere had oxygen mainly close to the ground.
B)Land animals of that period consumed erect plants.
C)The ancestors of land plants,green algae,lack the structural support to stand erect in air.
D)Land animals of that period were small,so they needed short plants to eat.
E)Only fossilized plants exhibit this habit.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about food webs?

A)Herbivores convert energy directly from the Sun into chemical energy.
B)Carnivores eat herbivores and other carnivores.
C)Producers produce energy from eating plant material.
D)Herbivores are the base of food webs.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 10

Bioprospectors and ethnobotanists search for plants and plant products used for medicines by native cultures.The major function of the medicinal compounds in plants is to

A)attract pollinators for seed dispersal.
B)attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits.
C)defend the plant against herbivores and microbes.
D)All of these answers apply.

Question 11

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

A)megasporangium,megaspore,pollen,ovule
B)microsporangium,microspore,egg,ovary
C)megasporangium,megaspore,egg,ovule
D)microsporangium,microspore,carpel,ovary

Question 12

Which of these time intervals,based on plant fossils,came last (most recently)?

A)extensive growth of gymnosperm forests
B)Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages that contain most of the major morphological innovations
C)colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses
D)rise and diversification of angiosperms
E)carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

Question 13

About 450 million years ago,the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have

A)looked very similar to that of today,with flowers,grasses,shrubs,and trees.
B)been completely bare rock,with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria.
C)been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal.
D)had nonvascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock.

Question 14

What two major novelties allowed for the first colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants?

A)roots and vascular tissue
B)cuticle and pores
C)roots and true leaves
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 15

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably

A)any of the green algae that live in water.
B)certain groups of algae.
C)photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria).
D)liverworts and mosses.

Question 16

Which of these activities is not a part of development of crop plants from wild relatives?

A)people planting seeds of the plants with the characteristic wanted
B)people making observations of desired plant characteristics
C)people eating products from only the plants with desired characteristics
D)people developing several varieties of crops from a wild relative

Question 17

Most moss leaves do not have a cuticle,are one to two cells thick,and have no veins.What does this imply about moss leaves and their structure?

A)They do not have stomata for gas exchange regulation.
B)They can easily lose water to,and absorb water from,the atmosphere.
C)They do not have vascular tissue.
D)All of the above answers apply.

Question 18

A little mustard plant named Arabidopsis thaliana is best known for its

A)medicinal properties against heart disease.
B)ability to bind soil along stream banks.
C)exceptional production of oxygen in photosynthesis.
D)production of ethanol as a fuel.
E)use in laboratories as a model for studying plant processes.

Question 19

What is characteristic of xylem cells that are mature?

A)They have only primary walls made of cellulose.
B)They have only secondary walls made of lignin.
C)They contain cytoplasm at maturity.
D)They have both primary and secondary walls.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 20

Which of the following have biologists used in an attempt to understand the phylogenetic relationships among organisms?

A)examined the fossil record
B)compared morphological features
C)examined similarities and differences in DNA sequences of homologous genes
D)all of the above

Question 21

Which of these are structures in a gametophyte generation?

A)leaves,stems,roots,flowers,cones
B)spores,egg,sperm,pollen,archegonium
C)antheridium,embryo,seed,spores,flower
D)egg,sperm,zygote,embryo,seedling

Question 22

Seed plants are heterosporous.This means that

A)they produce two types of spores.
B)they produce two types of sperm.
C)they produce two types of pollen.
D)they produce two types of eggs.

Question 23

What is true about the genus Sphagnum?

A)It is an economically important liverwort.
B)It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas.
C)It is used by gardeners as a fertilizer.
D)It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel.
E)It is an important carbon sink,reducing atmospheric CO₂.

Question 24

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are

A)ferns,horsetails,lycophytes,and club mosses.
B)hornworts,liverworts,and mosses.
C)gnetophytes,cycads,and ginkgoes.
D)elms,maples,and aspens.

Question 25

Liverworts,hornworts,and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes.Besides not having vascular tissue,what do they all have in common?

A)swimming sperm for reproduction
B)antheridia and archegonia for gamete production
C)low,sprawling growth habit
D)ability to desiccate and rehydrate with no ill effects
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of stomata?

A)Stomata occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group.
B)Stomata open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss.
C)Stomata occur in all land plants and are the same as pores.
D)Stomata open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange.

Question 27

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

A)sporophyte (capsule)of a moss
B)antheridium of a moss or fern
C)archegonium of a moss or fern
D)All of these answers apply.

Question 28

Plant systematists working with angiosperm DNA have determined that

A)dicots appear to have developed from more than one ancestor.
B)dicots are not really angiosperms.
C)monocots are not really angiosperms.
D)monocots appear to have developed from more than one ancestor.

Question 29

As you stroll through a moist forest,you are most likely to see a

A)zygote of a green alga.
B)gametophyte of a moss.
C)sporophyte of a liverwort.
D)gametophyte of a fern.

Question 30

Which of these processes does not result in the formation of a different generation in a plant's sexual life cycle?

A)meiosis
B)mitosis
C)fertilization

Question 31

Spores and seeds have basically the same function,dispersal,but are vastly different because

A)spores have a protective outer covering;seeds do not.
B)spores have an embryo;seeds do not.
C)spores have stored nutrition;seeds do not.
D)spores are unicellular;seeds are not.
E)spores depend primarily on animals for dispersal;seeds do not.

Question 32

The herbicide 2,4-D affects the metabolism of dicots and kills most of them.What is a common feature of plants that are susceptible to 2,4-D?

A)branching leaf veins
B)flower parts in threes
C)one cotyledon in the seed
D)vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem

Question 33

The retaining of the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants

A)protects the zygote from herbivores.
B)helps in dispersal of the zygote.
C)allows it to be nourished by the parent plant.
D)is found only in seed plants.

Question 34

An important fossil fuel is coal,much of which was formed when

A)northern-latitude bogs accumulated peat.
B)ancient angiosperms got buried under volcanic ash.
C)huge gymnosperms were flooded by an inland sea.
D)extensive forests of seedless vascular plants were buried and compressed.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 35

Which of the following is a correct element of alternation of generations?

A)The sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes.
B)The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores.
C)The gametophyte is haploid and produces spores.
D)The gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes.
E)Two spores unite to form a zygote.

Question 36

Which of the following innovations is not associated with angiosperm diversification?

A)vessel elements
B)flowers
C)leaves
D)fruits
E)All of the above were associated with angiosperm diversification.

Question 37

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

A)Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.
B)In both groups,sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
C)The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte.
D)Plants in both groups have true roots,stems,and leaves.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 38

Once plants evolved to live on land and had vascular tissue,megaphylls appeared to be selected for and replaced microphylls in most plant lineages.What is a major advantage of having larger leaves?

A)Plants are better able to cool themselves by waving their leaves in the wind.
B)Plants can shade the stem to prevent too much evaporation.
C)Plants have more photosynthetic tissue for increased sugar production.
D)Plants can better hide their reproductive parts from herbivores.
E)All of the above apply.

Question 39

The vast number and variety of flowers is probably related to various kinds of

A)seed dispersal agents.
B)pollinators.
C)herbivores.
D)climatic conditions.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 40

How are gymnosperms and angiosperms similar?

A)Plants in both groups have flowers and fruits.
B)Plants in both groups have cones that produce pollen and seeds.
C)Plants in both groups produce seeds and pollen.
D)Plants in both groups lack vascular tissue.

Question 41

To perform this study,the researchers needed to count

A)the number of red flowers.
B)the number of pink and white flowers.
C)the number of hummingbirds.
D)the number of hawk moths.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 42

In general,liverworts have a cuticle and pores.However,some species do not have pores.What would you predict concerning the cuticle of these species and why?

A)The cuticle would be the same as in those species with pores.
B)The cuticle would be thicker than in those species with pores.
C)The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.
D)There is not enough information to make a prediction.

Question 43

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination,and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored.What does this indicate about their pollination?

A)They self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another.
B)Their pollinating insects are color blind.
C)They are wind pollinated.
D)They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances.

Question 44

What is the significance of measuring fruit production?

A)It is a measure of pollination success.
B)It is a measure of seed dispersal success.
C)It is easier than counting flowers.
D)It is an indication of predation on the seeds of the plants.

Question 45

Why do hummingbirds emigrate from this population of scarlet gilia?

A)The flowers probably change their nectar production.
B)The flowers change from red to white,and the hummingbirds can't see them.
C)It gets darker on the mountainside,and the hummingbirds migrate to lower elevations where it stays light longer.
D)There is not enough information presented to answer this question.

Question 46

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves.Why might their leaves be of this type?

A)to increase surface area for photosynthesis
B)to increase surface area for gas exchange
C)to decease surface area for gas exchange
D)to decrease surface area for water loss

Question 47

Why have seed banks been established?

A)to serve as a store of genetic diversity of crop plants
B)to serve as a store of seeds for the next growing seasons
C)to serve as a store of seeds before they are sold at market
D)All of these answers apply.

Question 48

Some plants changed their flowers to lighter colors,and some retained the same darker color all season.Which plants do you expect produced more fruit?

A)those that changed their color to a lighter shade
B)those that stayed darker
C)They probably produced the same numbers of fruit.

Question 49

The most basal lineages of land plants include

A)Lycophyta,Psilotophyta,and Pteridophyta.
B)Hepaticophyta,Anthocerophyta,and Bryophyta.
C)Spenophyta,Charaphyaceae,and Bryophyta.
D)Cycadophyta,Ginkophyta,and Gnetophyta.

Question 50

Which of the following possess stomata?

A)Ulvophyceae
B)Hepaticophyta
C)Charaphyaceae
D)Anthocerophyta
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 51

Which is the most diverse group of land plants?

A)angiosperms
B)pines
C)gymnosperms
D)ferns

Question 52

Where are you least likely to see green algae?

A)as pink snow in the mountains in summer
B)growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals
C)growing independently on dry rock in meadows
D)growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes
E)floating in seas and oceans

Question 53

Late in the season,when only hawk moths were present,researchers painted the red flowers white.What would you expect?

A)Unpainted red flowers would produce more fruits than white flowers would.
B)Red flowers painted white would produce more fruits than red flowers would.
C)Red and white flowers would produce the same numbers of fruits.

Question 54

Which group is the most diverse of the seedless vascular plants?

A)club mosses
B)horsetails
C)ferns
D)ginkgoes