Deck 34: Deuterostome Animals

Question 1

If a kelp farmer wanted to maximize her harvest,which type of echinoderm would she be most concerned about in the habitat?

A)sand dollars
B)brittle stars
C)sea stars
D)sea urchins
E)sea cucumbers

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates)lack notochords,even though larval urochordates have them?

A)Larvae use notochords to aid in swimming;adults are sessile and,thus,no longer need notochords.
B)Larvae use notochords to stiffen their bodies;in adults,the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
C)Larvae use notochords to induce tissue differentiation;in adults,tissue is already differentiated.
D)Larvae use notochords to organize their nervous systems;adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the best evidence currently available that tetrapod limbs evolved from fish fins?

A)These structures are located in similar places on these animals.
B)Molecular genetic evidence reveals regulatory enzymes that are homologous in fish and tetrapods.
C)There are enough transitional species available to make the link obvious.
D)Fish and tetrapods have many similarities-including reproductive and feeding tactics-that support the link.
E)None of the above currently support the conclusion that tetrapods evolved from fish.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have developed feathers.You found that these animals were ground-dwelling ectotherms,able to run quickly,but unable to fly or even glide.You also noticed that males of the species had no feathers at all,while females had bright blue feathers covering their tails.Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support?

A)Feathers initially evolved to aid in flight.
B)Feathers initially evolved as a form of insulation.
C)Feathers initially evolved for use in courtship displays.
D)All of the above apply.

Question 5

The discovery of Microraptor gui is significant in evolutionary biology because it strengthened which one of the following hypotheses?

A)Vertebrates were the first group to develop a jaw.
B)An asteroid impact caused the extinction of dinosaurs.
C)The echinoderm endoskeleton is a trait that identifies them as a monophyletic group.
D)The three phyla-Echinodermata,Xenoturbellida,and Hemichordata-form a monophyletic group.
E)Birds evolved from a dinosaur ancestor.

Question 6

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles.Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A)endothermy
B)ectothermy
C)insulating body cover
D)having a notochord
E)terrestrial

Question 7

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A)Tetrapods could lay their eggs in a variety of terrestrial locations.
B)Tetrapods can grow much larger.
C)Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
D)Embryos are protected from predators.

Question 8

In an amniotic egg,where is the embryo found?

A)just inside the outer shell or membrane
B)just outside the membrane containing the albumen
C)directly within the albumen
D)inside the amnion

Question 9

Which one of these groups does not belong to the phylum Echinodermata?

A)sea cucumber
B)sea urchins
C)lancelets
D)basket stars
E)sand dollars

Question 10

Which of the following characteristics would not be helpful in distinguishing between a hagfish and a lamprey?

A)presence or absence of a rasping tongue
B)presence or absence of fins
C)presence or absence of cartilage along a dorsal hollow nerve cord
D)feeding tactics
E)All of the above would be helpful in distinguishing these two groups.

Question 11

What would be the result(s)if a hemichordate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked?

A)The organism would have trouble respiring.
B)The organism would have trouble feeding.
C)The organism would have trouble seeing.
D)A and B
E)A and C

Question 12

How are hemichordates,urochordates,and cephalochordates similar?

A)All have motile larvae that become sessile adults.
B)All have pharyngeal gill slits at some point during development.
C)All produce amniotic eggs.
D)All have an endoskeleton of either bone or cartilage.
E)All have a notochord at some point during development.

Question 13

When bone first evolved in vertebrates,what structure did it form?

A)an endoskeleton
B)an exoskeleton
C)a vertebrae
D)a skull
E)a jaw

Question 14

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

A)the lung
B)the amniotic egg
C)bone
D)limb specialization
E)endothermy

Question 15

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

A)Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.
B)Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
C)All have a spinal column.
D)All have specialized head and tail regions.
E)The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Question 16

For which of the following feeding tactics discussed in Chapter 33 do echinoderms use their podia?

A)food-mass feeding
B)suspension feeding
C)deposit feeding
D)all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is found in tetrapods and not in fish?

A)extensive parental care
B)asexual reproduction
C)internal fertilization
D)viviparity
E)production of amniotic eggs

Question 18

This group of deuterostomes is characterized by a water vascular system and calcium carbonate endoskeletons.

A)birds
B)echinoderms
C)chondrichthyes
D)chordates
E)hominins

Question 19

If you were trying to identify an unknown adult animal that must be either an echinoderm or chordate,which morphological feature(s)would guarantee that your organism was an echinoderm rather than a chordate?

A)a fluid-filled vascular system
B)a radially symmetrical body plan
C)a calcium-based endoskeleton
D)B or C
E)A,B,or C

Question 20

How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A)It allowed for more modes of communication.
B)It allowed vertebrates to grow a bony skull.
C)It increased their mobility.
D)It allowed vertebrates to feed on a wider variety of food sources.
E)It provided for an appreciation of a wider variety of foods.

Question 21

Which of the following groups is classified as Homo sapiens?

A)Neanderthals
B)Cro-Magnons
C)Paranthropus
D)Australopithecus
E)None of the above

Question 22

The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H.floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent).What do these data suggest?

A)A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking.
B)Body mass and braincase volume are completely unrelated.
C)The African environment tends to depress braincase volume and body mass.
D)Hominins first evolved in and then radiated out from Asia.
E)H)floresiensis is most closely related to Australopithecus afarensis or A.africanus.

Question 23

Which of the following do the prosimians and the anthropoids NOT have in common?

A)number of limbs
B)a "human-like" appearance
C)opposable thumbs
D)eyes on the front of the face
E)large brains relative to body size

Question 24

The hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs is potentially confusing because dinosaurs-at least the ones thought to be the ancestors of birds-did not fly.Why do biologists still hold to this hypothesis despite this point?

A)Feathers in dinosaurs are believed to have served as insulation.
B)Dinosaurs may have used feathers to attract mates.
C)Dinosaurs may have used feathers as an aggressive display to ward off enemies.
D)All of the above are supporting evidence for this hypothesis.

Question 25

In what respect do humans differ from all other anthropoids?

A)lack of a tail
B)eyes on the front of the face
C)bipedal posture
D)opposable thumbs
E)diurnal activity

Question 26

How does a swim bladder help the ray-finned fishes maintain buoyancy?

A)It removes water from the digestive tract.
B)It removes oxygen from the water and stores it.
C)Gas is added to the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
D)Gas is removed from the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
E)It adds and removes salt from the water stored in the bladder,which changes its density and,thus,its buoyancy.

Question 27

Suppose,while out camping in a forest,you found a chordate with a long,slender,limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent.To which of the following lineages could it belong?

A)Myxinoidea
B)Dipnoi
C)Mammalia
D)Amphibia
E)Chondrichthyes

Question 28

Primate evolution and behavior-such as hunting skills-has been directed in part by the development of depth perception.What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A)a larger brain
B)the formation of compound eyes
C)movement of the eyes to the front of the head
D)diurnal activity

Question 29

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies,while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A)Sharks have a strong cartilaginous skeleton that helps them maintain a tubular shape,while skates and rays lack such a skeleton.
B)Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.
C)Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water,while sharks do not.
D)Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and,thus,require a high surface-area-to-volume ratio,while sharks use gills to respire.
E)Sharks are streamlined for active hunting,while skates and rays wait on the ocean bed to ambush prey.

Question 30

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A)bilateral symmetry
B)amniotic eggs
C)jaws
D)bone
E)endothermy

Question 31

The presence of vestigial hip and leg bones in boas and pythons is considered evidence for what evolutionary link?

A)A snake was the common ancestor for the tetrapods.
B)Snakes have limbed ancestors.
C)Some snake species needed limbs-probably for evading predators by climbing.
D)None,because with the new molecular genetics studies,the presence of vestigial structures is irrelevant to evolutionary biology.

Question 32

What group of mammals have (a)embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples,(b)young that feed on milk,and (c)a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A)Eutheria
B)Marsupiala
C)Monotremata
D)all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following is consistent with the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

A)Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Neanderthals.
B)Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Homo erectus.
C)Interbreeding between early hominin species in Europe and Asia lead to the distinctive features of modern Homo sapiens.
D)Homo sapiens have a common ancestor with Neanderthal and Homo erectus from Africa,but did not interbreed with them.
E)Modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals have no common ancestor more recent than the first mammals.

Question 34

The evolution of the limb in chordates has generally led to

A)increased diversity of movement types,as animals evolve to fill different niches.
B)decreased diversity of movement types,as animals evolve toward a single most efficient way of moving.

Question 35

Which would be the most feasible method of figuring out to which other hominin species H.floresiensis was most closely related?

A)Compare the mitochondrial DNA of H.floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
B)Compare the type of prey hunted by H.floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other hominin species.
C)Compare the average body size of H.floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
D)Compare the skeletal morphology of H.floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
E)Compare the estimated life span of H.floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.

Question 36

Which characteristic is common to all the major reptilian lineages (Testudinia,Lepidosauria,Crocodilia,or Aves)?

A)presence of teeth
B)presence of limbs
C)ectothermy
D)presence of a notochord
E)all of the above

Question 37

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages,as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

A)Monotremes lay eggs;other mammals bear live young.
B)Monotremes perform little parental care;other mammals use lactation to feed offspring.
C)Monotremes do not have jaws;other mammals do.
D)Monotremes exchange gases through their skin;other mammals use lungs.
E)Monotremes perform external fertilization;other mammals perform internal fertilization.

Question 38

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods.What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A)They produce amniotic eggs.
B)They have fins with a skeletal and muscular structure similar to tetrapod limbs.
C)They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems like most tetrapods.
D)They move onto land to eat and lay their eggs.
E)They enter a hibernative stage when food is scarce,as many tetrapods do.

Question 39

Mammals and birds have similar insulating skin coverings (fur/hair and feathers)because of

A)shared ancestry.
B)convergent evolution.
C)none of the above.

Question 40

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump,below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull.The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A)It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
B)It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.
C)It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
D)This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.

Question 41

It is speculated that H.floresiensis and H.sapiens may have lived on Flores concurrently.Suppose researchers obtained mitochondrial DNA samples from the H.floresiensis remains,amplified a 1000-base-pair sequence via PCR,and compared it to that of several currently living H.sapiens native to Indonesia,North Africa,and North America.Also suppose H.floresiensis were found to differ from the average Indonesian H.sapiens in 28 base pairs,from the average North African H.sapiens in 51 base pairs,and from the average North American H.sapiens in 53 base pairs,while two randomly selected H.sapiens differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs.What would you surmise from these data?

A)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably did not live on Flores concurrently.
B)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,but did not interact.
C)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,and H.sapiens killed and consumed H.floresiensis.
D)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,and interbred to some degree.

Question 42

Which of the following observations would not support the hypothesis that H.floresiensis used symbolic spoken language?

A)finding that several H.floresiensis individuals cooperated in ambushing and killing large prey
B)finding that a large ancestral population of H.floresiensis traveled to Flores by boat
C)finding that H.floresiensis manufactured stone tools for specialized purposes
D)finding the hyoid bone of H.floresiensis similar in morphology to that of modern H.sapiens
E)finding that the brain regions responsible for speech were enlarged in H.floresiensis

Question 43

Which of the following statements about human races is correct?

A)Africans are genetically much closer to Asians than to Caucasians.
B)Humans are one of only a few mammal species with clearly defined genetic races.
C)Very little genetic divergence occurs among different human populations.
D)All of the above are correct.