Deck 43: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

If you chew a salted cracker long enough,it begins to taste sweet.Why?

A)The taste buds for "salty" become fatigued and cease to fire.
B)Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose.
C)The contents of the cracker become soluble in saliva.
D)Sugar that remained in the mouth from previous meals becomes soluble in saliva.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The process of breaking down food particles into molecules that can be transported into circulation is known as

A)ingestion.
B)digestion.
C)absorption.
D)excretion.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Starch digestion begins where?

A)in the mouth
B)in the stomach
C)in the small intestine
D)in the bloodstream

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following molecules are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into epithelial cells through simple diffusion?

A)monosaccharides
B)disaccharides and trisaccharides
C)lipids
D)amino acids

Question 5

If the person consumes 2500 calories daily to maintain body weight,what percentage of the RDA for iron would this person receive from a serving of apple juice?

A)20%
B)less than 20%
C)more than 20%

Question 6

Figure 43.2
Refer to Figure 43.1.Which of the mouthparts shown in the figure above are specialized for crushing and grinding?

Question 7

Figure 43.1
How would you,as an athlete or trainer,interpret the data portrayed in the graph above?

A)A high-carbohydrate diet is deleterious to all individuals because carbohydrates contain empty calories.
B)A high-carbohydrate diet consumed before an endurance event improves endurance.
C)The protein-fat diet resulted in the longest endurance.
D)It is highly probable that muscle cells involved in exercise use fatty acids as a fuel source.

Question 8

From the information contained on the label above,you can infer that apple juice is a good source of which of the following?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)calcium
D)sodium

Question 9

Which of the following are NOT heterotrophs?

A)suspension feeders
B)algae
C)endoparasites
D)insects

Question 10

Food labels provide nutrient information and express the amount of a given nutrient as

A)a percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances.
B)International Units.
C)percent composition of the food product.
D)calories.

Question 11

Fangs,like those found in wolves,are designed to

A)grind and chew.
B)tear flesh.
C)swallow the prey whole.
D)filter feed.

Question 12

Jahasz-Pocsine and coworkers found a correlation between gastric bypass surgery and neurological complications.Twenty-six of 150 patients who came to the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences Neurology Clinic following gastric bypass surgery experienced neurological complications related to the surgery.What might be a cause for the neurological complications?

A)sudden weight loss and caloric deficiency interfering with neurological function
B)nutrient (e.g.,vitamin and mineral)deficiencies
C)sloppy surgical technique of physicians performing the bypass surgery
D)infections following surgical intervention

Question 13

Food and its products of degradation move through the alimentary canal by means of peristalsis.What is peristalsis?

A)movements of the muscular layer surrounding the alimentary canal that are under voluntary control
B)rhythmic waves of contraction of the muscular layer surrounding the alimentary canal that are responsible for moving contents of the lumen along the length of the digestive tract
C)movement of nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the autorhythmic smooth muscle cells
D)rhythmic lengthening and shortening of epithelial cells lining the lumen of the alimentary canal

Question 14

Protein digestion begins where?

A)in the mouth
B)in the stomach
C)in the small intestine
D)in the bloodstream

Question 15

The process of obtaining is known as ________ and requires specialized mouthparts.

A)ingestion
B)digestion
C)absorption
D)excretion

Question 16

What is the importance of consuming an adequate amount of proteins in a diet?

A)They are most commonly used to meet cell energy demands.
B)Proteins serve a variety of functions,and the body does not store excess quantities of protein.
C)They are used as cofactors for metabolic reactions and are required in minute quantities.
D)Proteins are necessary to produce urea and other important metabolites.

Question 17

A major enzyme involved in protein digestion is

A)lipase.
B)amylase.
C)pepsin.
D)facilitated diffusion.

Question 18

How many food calories does the jug of apple juice contain?

A)120
B)240
C)480
D)960

Question 19

What can the mouthparts of an animal tell you about its diet?

A)Mouthparts of animals are specialized to obtain desired food items efficiently.
B)Mouthparts provide clues about the type of digestion that goes on in the stomach.
C)Mouthparts are important in mating rituals and provide few clues about diet.
D)Mouthparts of all animals are designed to reduce the size of the food particles ingested.

Question 20

What is the importance of the mucins that are released by salivary glands?

A)They aid in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
B)They are beginning the process of starch digestion.
C)They are hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth.
D)They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

Question 21

Villi and microvilli that are associated with the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium are important in that they

A)increase the surface area available for absorption.
B)contain stratified (layered)epithelial cells for protection against pathogens entering with food.
C)transport substances from the epithelial cells into the circulatory system.
D)contain cilia that facilitate movement of the contents of the alimentary canal toward the anus.

Question 22

What is the function of goblet cells of the stomach epithelium?

A)release of acid
B)synthesis and release of pepsinogen
C)absorption of end-products of digestion
D)secretion of mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment

Question 23

Cholecystokinin (CCK)stimulates the release of numerous digestive enzymes.Which of the following digestive enzymes is NOT released by CCK?

A)chymotrypsin
B)pancreatic amylase
C)elastase
D)pepsin

Question 24

If there is a strong genetic link for type II diabetes mellitus in your family,how might you minimize your risk of developing the disorder?

A)Monitor your blood glucose levels daily.
B)Take oral insulin daily.
C)Diet and exercise.
D)Eat carbohydrates like starch instead of sweets.

Question 25

The stomach is highly acidic,creating a hostile environment for invading bacteria.Another function of the acidic environment is to activate the enzyme that initiates protein digestion in the stomach.What proteolytic enzyme is activated by the acidic environment?

A)trypsin
B)chymotrypsin
C)insulin
D)pepsin

Question 26

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form?

A)These proteolytic enzymes,in active form,would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
B)They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin.
C)The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form.
D)Upon study of chief cells,they were able to isolate active forms of pepsin and trypsin.

Question 27

Bile,which is synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder,is important in lipid digestion.What feature/function of bile makes it an effective emulsifying agent?

A)Bile is an amphipathic molecule,having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
B)Bile adds hydroxyl groups to the hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids,making them more soluble in water.
C)Bile stimulates the transport processes involved in movement of triglycerides into intestinal epithelial cells.
D)Its enzymatic activity removes fatty acids from triglycerides,making them more soluble in water.

Question 28

Aquaporins have been identified in the epithelium of the large intestine.What is the function of these aquaporins?

A)to secrete water into the large intestine
B)to reabsorb water from the large intestine
C)to regulate solute excretion in the feces
D)to release hormones involved in regulating digestive processes of the large intestine

Question 29

Glucose is transported from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells through ________ and from the intestinal epithelium into circulation by ________.

A)facilitated diffusion;primary active transport
B)cotransport with sodium;cotransport with sodium
C)cotransport with sodium;facilitated diffusion
D)active transport;active transport

Question 30

Which of the following words best completes this sentence? The human body cannot ________ essential nutrients.

A)excrete
B)make
C)secrete
D)absorb

Question 31

Figure 43.3
Following a meal high in starch,digestive processes break the starch into ________,which when absorbed into circulation cause a release of the hormone ________.

A)amino acids;glucagon
B)free fatty acids;cholecystokinin
C)glucose;glucagon
D)glucose;insulin

Question 32

Vitamin D is indirectly responsible for calcium uptake in the intestine.What is the mechanism by which Vitamin D and its receptor affect the calcium transporter gene?

A)gene expression
B)gene repression
C)gene translation
D)gene initiation

Question 33

Which of the following is a major function of the small intestine?

A)to initiate protein digestion
B)to absorb the end-products of digestion
C)to produce and release bile to aid in fat absorption
D)to store bile

Question 34

Amino acids,dipeptides,and sugars are transported from intestinal epithelial cells into circulation.Lipids are transported from the intestinal epithelium into

A)smooth muscles that make up the core of the villi of the intestinal epithelium.
B)the lymph system.
C)the liver.
D)the gall bladder.

Question 35

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances.How might they survive the acid pH of the stomach?

A)They secrete a buffer to neutralize acid.
B)They burrow under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium.
C)They hook up to the blood supply of the stomach.
D)They release chemicals that decrease acid production in the stomach.

Question 36

The stomach releases hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment.Which cells release acid?

A)goblet cells
B)chief cells
C)parietal cells
D)smooth muscle cells

Question 37

The parietal cells that line the stomach secrete hydrogen ions into the stomach against a concentration gradient.Based on that knowledge,which of the following transport processes is most likely involved in hydrogen ion secretion?

A)diffusion
B)facilitated diffusion
C)active transport
D)endocytosis

Question 38

A major risk factor for atherosclerosis is high levels of dietary cholesterol.If you get your lipid levels checked regularly,which of the following,when elevated,most significantly increases your risk for developing atherosclerosis?

A)HDL cholesterol
B)LDL cholesterol
C)liver LDL receptors
D)cholecystokinin

Question 39

Ruminants have a multi-compartmented stomach.They have a symbiotic relationship with bacterial organisms resident in the first of four compartments (the rumen).How do the bacteria help ruminant digestion?

A)They break down cellulose,a complex polysaccharide that would be indigestible without the assistance of bacterial organisms.
B)They increase the rate of movement of contents through the alimentary canal.
C)They maintain a basic pH in the rumen.
D)They do not help with digestion,but benefit from foods eaten by the ruminant.

Question 40

Figure 43.3
Based on the graph in the Figure 43.3,what can you infer about the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus?

A)Obesity is a risk factor for development of type II diabetes mellitus.
B)If you maintain a normal body weight (BMI < 25),you will not get type II diabetes mellitus.
C)The incidence of type II diabetes mellitus has increased in the past 10 years.
D)People who develop type II diabetes mellitus are typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.

Question 41

What is the role of HCl in the human stomach?

A)breaks down lipids
B)activates pepsin into pepsinogen
C)denatures proteins
D)denatures carbohydrates

Question 42

What condition may arise in an individual who has defective pancreatic cells?

A)diabetes mellitus type I
B)diabetes mellitus type II
C)diabetes insipidus
D)gestational diabetes

Question 43

What condition may arise if an individual has defective insulin receptors?

A)diabetes mellitus type I
B)diabetes mellitus type II
C)diabetes insipidus
D)gestational diabetes