Deck 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

One of the psychoanalytic perspective's lasting contributions is its

A) cross-cultural implications.
B) emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood.
C) emphasis on how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
D) ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If children emerge from the first few years without __________,the seeds are sown for adjustment problems.

A) independent toileting habits
B) sufficient trust in caregivers
C) sufficient oral stimulation
D) a sense of shame

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Erikson's theory,when __________,the psychological conflict of the first year-basic trust versus mistrust-is resolved on the positive side.

A) the parents are perfectly in tune with the baby's needs
B) the balance of care is sympathetic and loving
C) the amount of food and oral stimulation offered meets the baby's needs
D) the baby learns to meet her own needs

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Although expressions of sadness also occur in response to pain,removal of an object,and brief separations,they are __________ than anger.

A) less intense
B) less frequent
C) more intense
D) more frequent

Question 5

Aja is a self-confident,secure 2-year-old.According to Erikson's theory,Aja probably has parents who

A) establish strict rules and respond promptly to misbehavior.
B) do not teach her how to behave in a variety of social situations.
C) do not immediately respond to or relieve her discomfort.
D) do not criticize or attack her when she fails at a new skill.

Question 6

As infants understand more about their world,they

A) smile less often.
B) laugh only at dynamic, eye-catching sights.
C) smile only in response to very active stimuli.
D) laugh at events with subtler elements of surprise.

Question 7

According to Erikson,a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the

A) amount of food offered.
B) amount of oral stimulation offered.
C) channeling of biological drives.
D) quality of caregiving.

Question 8

According to one view,__________ helps infants construct emotional expressions that more closely resemble those of adults.

A) prenatal exposure to a variety of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
B) sensitive, contingent caregiver communication, in which parents selectively mirror aspects of the baby's diffuse emotional behavior,
C) very early, explicit instruction from parents and other family members, in which caregivers label and model emotional expression,
D) early exposure to visual patterns, including the human face,

Question 9

According to Erikson,the conflict of toddlerhood-autonomy versus shame and doubt-is resolved negatively when the parents

A) provide young children with suitable guidance.
B) provide young children with reasonable choices.
C) are over- or undercontrolling.
D) are decisive in toilet training.

Question 10

__________ binds parent and baby into a warm,supportive relationship that fosters the infant's developing competencies.

A) Happiness
B) Anger
C) Fear
D) Sadness

Question 11

Which of the following are basic emotions?

A) guilt, sadness, and fear
B) happiness, anger, and disgust
C) envy, guilt, and interest
D) pride, surprise, and happiness

Question 12

A characteristic of basic emotions is that they

A) each involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self.
B) are universal in humans and primates.
C) emerge at about the same time as self-conscious emotions.
D) have no evolutionary history of adaptation.

Question 13

Eight-month-old Darius will probably smile and laugh more

A) when interacting with familiar people.
B) when surprised.
C) at a friendly stranger with a novel face.
D) at a stimulating toy.

Question 14

Between 6 and 10 weeks,the parent's communication with the infant evokes

A) the social smile.
B) laughter.
C) social referencing.
D) secure attachment.

Question 15

The first laughs occur in response to

A) nonsense words.
B) very active stimuli.
C) a game of peekaboo.
D) animals or toys.

Question 16

Which of the following situations is newborn Kellan the most likely to respond to with generalized distress?

A) Kellan's arms are restrained in a swaddling blanket.
B) Kellan experiences a change in body temperature.
C) A stranger talks to Kellan.
D) Kellan's mother leaves the room.

Question 17

Postpartum depression

A) emerges or strengthens after childbirth and fails to subside.
B) in a parent has little or no impact on a child's development.
C) affects fewer than one percent of new mothers and fathers.
D) subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby.

Question 18

Laughter,which appears around 3 to 4 months,

A) only appears when interacting with familiar people.
B) primarily appears when babies are full or in REM sleep.
C) reflects faster processing of information than smiling.
D) contributes to less daytime fussiness.

Question 19

From 4 to 6 months into the second year,angry reactions

A) decrease in both frequency and intensity.
B) increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency.
C) increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity.
D) increase in both frequency and intensity.

Question 20

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of

A) fear and interest.
B) happiness and anger.
C) attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli.
D) clear, well-organized signals following exposure to stimuli.

Question 21

In Western individualistic nations,most children are taught to feel

A) embarrassed by attention received for achievements.
B) ashamed by failing to show concern for others.
C) pride in personal achievement.
D) guilty for winning a competition.

Question 22

Beckham's parents want to encourage him to eat fruit.Which of the following is the most effective approach to accomplish this task using social referencing?

A) They should slowly nod when Beckham eats fruit.
B) They should smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit.
C) They should frown when Beckham does not eat fruit.
D) They should be unresponsive when Beckham eats fruit.

Question 23

Like anger,expressions of fear

A) are less intense than expressions of sadness.
B) decrease in intensity and frequency with age.
C) occur less frequently in the second half of the first year.
D) rise from the second half of the first year into the second year.

Question 24

Stranger anxiety

A) is evident in all babies, regardless of temperament.
B) is the most frequent expression of fear during infancy.
C) is more likely to occur in a familiar setting than in a new setting.
D) peaks between the ages of 3 and 6 months.

Question 25

Self-conscious emotions

A) are universal in humans and primates.
B) involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self.
C) include happiness, sadness, envy, and pride.
D) first appear in the middle of the first year.

Question 26

Believing that he is teaching his 6-month-old daughter to "self-soothe," Reed waits to intervene until she becomes extremely agitated.If Reed continues to respond in this manner,his daughter will most likely be

A) less fussy and fearful.
B) more anxious and reactive.
C) more interested in exploration.
D) easier to soothe.

Question 27

The capacity for voluntary,effortful management of emotions

A) improves as a result of the development of the prefrontal cortex.
B) is present at birth.
C) emerges suddenly around 8 to 10 months.
D) cannot be modified by learned strategies.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about social referencing is true?

A) Mothers are more effective sources of emotional information than fathers.
B) Parents can take advantage of social referencing to teach their baby how to react to many everyday events.
C) Social referencing emerges around 3 to 4 months and peaks at 6 to 8 months.
D) A caregiver's emotional expression has no influence on stranger anxiety.

Question 29

Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son,but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood.As a result,Monica's son,who is now 6 months old,most likely

A) sleeps longer than most infants.
B) produces low levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
C) tries to comfort his mother when she is sad.
D) shows delays in motor and mental development.

Question 30

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

A) guilt, shame, and pride
B) shame, doubt, and surprise
C) embarrassment, pride, and interest
D) envy, happiness, and disgust

Question 31

__________ have a harder time regulating negative emotion.

A) Girls
B) Only children
C) Boys
D) Twins

Question 32

Two-year-old Easton hits a playmate when she takes his toy.When the caregiver tells Easton's mother about the incident,Easton lowers his eyes and hides his face with his hands.Easton is expressing

A) shame.
B) envy.
C) empathy.
D) pride.

Question 33

Infants' emotional expressions are

A) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.
B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable.
C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic.
D) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences.

Question 34

In social referencing,toddlers

A) use the signals of trusted adults to guide their own actions.
B) simply react to others' emotional messages.
C) use the emotional contagion process to respond to others' emotional messages.
D) match the feeling tone of the caregiver in face-to-face communication.

Question 35

Emotional self-regulation

A) is a built-in, automatic process that governs emotional response.
B) involves actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person.
C) does not emerge until the preschool years.
D) involves the use of strategies to adjust an emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.

Question 36

Joan,who does not like being scared,decides not to see a horror film with her friends.Joan is using

A) emotional contagion.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) basic emotions.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 37

An example of social referencing is when an infant or toddler

A) cries when picked up by an unfamiliar adult.
B) looks at his mother's facial expression before touching an unfamiliar toy.
C) prefers one parent over the other.
D) screams with anger when he cannot reach a desired toy.

Question 38

Persistent paternal depression

A) strongly predicts child behavior problems-especially overactivity, defiance, and aggression in boys.
B) rarely has a lasting impact on the child, unless it lasts for five or more years.
C) requires long-term treatment in a facility for a full recovery.
D) is linked to low levels of the stress hormone cortisol in children.

Question 39

Miu,who lives in Japan,received the highest grade in her history class and was presented with a ribbon.Her parents will probably encourage Miu to feel

A) envious of the children who scored lower marks.
B) intense shame for violating a cultural standard.
C) pride in her personal achievement.
D) embarrassed by the individual attention.

Question 40

The rise in fear after 6 months

A) gives infants a sense of shame and doubt.
B) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.
C) prevents babies from displaying stranger anxiety.
D) enables infants to overcome obstacles.

Question 41

Temperament refers to

A) quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.
B) the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.
C) early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
D) emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about measuring temperament is true?

A) In homes, observers find it easier to capture rare but important events.
B) Observations by researchers in the home or laboratory are usually more subjective than parental reports.
C) Parental reports tend to be the most accurate.
D) Researchers can better control children's experiences in a laboratory.

Question 43

Research on temperament indicates that

A) the ease with which children manage their reactivity depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion.
B) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament are due to heredity.
C) preschoolers who were highly fearful as toddlers score slightly lower than their agemates in effortful control.
D) boys and girls tend to be equally active and daring throughout childhood.

Question 44

In Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research study on the development of shyness and sociability,

A) the majority of babies were overwhelmed by novelty.
B) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
C) most children retained their temperamental style as they grew older.
D) only about 10 percent of 4-month-old babies seemed delighted with new experiences.

Question 45

__________ tend to show excessive fearfulness and slow,constricted behavior in the late preschool and school years.

A) Slow-to-warm-up children
B) Difficult children
C) Easy children
D) Children who do not fit in any of Thomas and Chess's temperament categories

Question 46

Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true?

A) Collectivist cultures place less emphasis on socially appropriate emotional behavior than individualistic cultures.
B) Girls get more training than boys in suppressing negative emotions.
C) By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants.
D) By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry more than American infants.

Question 47

__________ are at high risk for adjustment problems.

A) Easy children
B) Difficult children
C) Slow-to-warm-up children
D) Children who do not fit in any of Thomas and Chess's temperament categories

Question 48

Compared with American Caucasian infants,Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be

A) more fearful.
B) more active.
C) less inhibited.
D) less easily soothed when upset.

Question 49

__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal,attention,and motor activity.

A) Temperament
B) Reactivity
C) Effortful control
D) Self-regulation

Question 50

Compared with girls,boys are

A) less daring.
B) more irritable when frustrated.
C) slightly less impulsive.
D) better at effortful control.

Question 51

__________ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.

A) Fearful distress
B) Effortful control
C) Goodness of fit
D) Self-awareness

Question 52

To acquire effective social skills,inhibited children need

A) permissive child rearing.
B) protective parents who allow them to retreat as desired.
C) parenting tailored to their temperaments.
D) to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations.

Question 53

Nathan is irregular in daily routines,is generally cheerful,and adjusts slowly to new experiences.In Thomas and Chess's research,Nathan would

A) be classified as a slow-to-warm-up child.
B) be classified as an easy child.
C) be classified as a difficult child.
D) not fit in any temperament category.

Question 54

According to Thomas and Chess,an easy child

A) is irregular in daily routines and tends to react negatively and intensely.
B) quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences.
C) is inactive and shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
D) is generally cheerful and is slow to accept new experiences.

Question 55

Research addressing environmental influences on temperament indicates that

A) parents perceive boys and girls differently.
B) boys are encouraged to seek physical closeness to parents.
C) parents tend to view siblings as more distinct in temperament than other observers do.
D) the environment has a greater impact than genetic factors on temperament.

Question 56

Observation of which of the following children is the most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

A) Quinn, a newborn
B) Ava, age 12 months
C) Samantha, age 25 months
D) Tyson, age 4

Question 57

According to Mary Rothbart,variations in __________ are evident in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention,inhibit impulses,and manage negative emotion.

A) threshold of responsiveness
B) adaptability
C) irritable distress
D) effortful control

Question 58

Neurobiological research indicates that when faced with novelty,shy children show

A) greater pupil dilation than sociable children.
B) greater left than right frontal brain-wave activity.
C) a lower heart rate than sociable children.
D) a greater drop in blood pressure than sociable children.

Question 59

Maris is inactive,shows mild,low-key reactions to environmental stimuli,and adjusts slowly to new experiences.According to Thomas and Chess,Maris would be classified as a(n)__________ child.

A) uninhibited
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) inhibited

Question 60

Research on the stability of temperament shows that

A) children's emotional styles are largely stable across childhood.
B) experience rarely, if ever, modifies children's temperaments.
C) children at the extremes are least likely to maintain their emotional styles over time.
D) the overall stability of temperament is low to moderate.

Question 61

The goodness-of-fit model suggests that a good match between __________ and __________ produces favorable conditions.

A) a parent's temperament; financial resources
B) child-rearing conditions; a child's temperament
C) attachment quality; temperament
D) attachment quality; child-care experiences

Question 62

During the Strange Situation,1-year-old Jack clings to his mother when they are alone in the playroom,and he hits and pushes her when she returns after separation.Jack's behavior is consistent with the __________ attachment pattern.

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 63

The __________ attachment pattern is either highly stable or consistently predicts later insecurity of another type.

A) secure
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) resistant
D) avoidant

Question 64

Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true?

A) It is not suitable for preschoolers, as it requires self-report.
B) Either the parent or a trained observer sorts 90 behaviors into nine categories.
C) It is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation.
D) Parents' Q-Sort responses correspond well with babies' secure-base behavior in the Strange Situation.

Question 65

With age,children __________ as their cognitive,emotional,and social capacities increase and as they interact with parents and form other bonds with adults,siblings,and friends.

A) continually revise and expand their internal working model
B) learn that their own actions have little effect on the behavior of those around them
C) develop a healthy fear of the Strange Situation
D) show confused, contradictory behaviors

Question 66

In adopted children with longer institutional stays,

A) the volume of the amygdala is atypically large.
B) rates of attachment security are atypically high.
C) the weight of the amygdala is atypically small.
D) the likelihood of attachment difficulties is slight.

Question 67

In which of the following phases of attachment do babies rely on built-in signals to bring them into close contact with adults?

A) "attachment-in-the-making"
B) "clear-cut" attachment
C) formation of a reciprocal relationship
D) preattachment

Question 68

In the 1950s,a famous experiment showed that rhesus monkeys reared with a soft,terry-cloth "surrogate mother" and a wire-mesh "surrogate mother," which held a bottle and was designed to be climbed onto for feeding,

A) usually developed an attachment to the wire-mesh surrogate.
B) clung to the soft terry-cloth surrogate.
C) developed an attachment to both surrogates.
D) did not develop an attachment to either surrogate.

Question 69

Although late adoptees are able to develop close ties with their adoptive parents,the children

A) usually exhibit a secure attachment pattern with multiple caregivers.
B) are still likely to experience attachment difficulties.
C) rarely exhibit insecure attachment patterns.
D) typically remain securely attached to their biological parents.

Question 70

In Bowlby's formation of a reciprocal relationship phase,

A) infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger, but do not protest when the familiar caregiver leaves.
B) babies approach, follow, and climb on a familiar caregiver in preference to others.
C) separation protest declines, and the child understands some factors that influence the caregiver's coming and going.
D) babies become upset when a familiar caregiver leaves.

Question 71

Baby Travis is happy when he interacts with his parents and is comforted by their nearness when he is stressed.This strong affectionate tie is known as

A) temperament.
B) goodness of fit.
C) attachment.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 72

Baby Bobby responds differently to his familiar caregiver,Lana,than to a stranger.Bobby smiles,laughs,and babbles more freely when interacting with Lana,but he does not protest when separated from her.Bobby is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

A) "attachment-in-the-making"
B) preattachment
C) formation of a reciprocal relationship
D) "clear-cut" attachment

Question 73

Dr.Thomas recognizes that the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival.Dr.Thomas accepts the __________ theory of attachment.

A) ethological
B) "clear-cut"
C) operant
D) psychoanalytic

Question 74

In the Strange Situation,a baby who demonstrates a secure attachment

A) is unresponsive to the parent when she is present and does not show distress when she leaves.
B) uses the parent as a secure base and actively seeks contact when the parent returns.
C) clings to the parent and fails to explore.
D) shows confused, contradictory behaviors.

Question 75

According to Bowlby,the __________ serves as a guide for all future close relationships.

A) preattachment phase
B) Strange Situation
C) "clear-cut" attachment phase
D) internal working model

Question 76

In the Strange Situation,Anushka seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present.When her mother leaves,Anushka is not distressed.She reacts to the stranger in much the same way.Anushka is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 77

In low-SES families,attachment generally

A) moves from insecurity to security.
B) remains stable.
C) changes from one insecure pattern to another.
D) becomes more stable over time.

Question 78

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase,

A) grasping, smiling, and gazing into the adult's eyes help bring babies into close human contact.
B) babies display separation anxiety.
C) infants develop a sense of trust with their caregiver, but do not protest upon separation.
D) babies do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.

Question 79

In the Strange Situation,Holden approaches his father with a flat,depressed emotion.At reunion,he shows confused,contradictory behaviors.Holden is displaying characteristics of the __________ attachment pattern.

A) secure
B) resistant
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) avoidant

Question 80

Which of the following babies is the most likely to show an avoidant attachment pattern?

A) Rainer, who is German
B) Tolo, who is a Dogon infant
C) Tabitha, who is American
D) Toshiro, who is Japanese