Deck 4: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

How did the Enlightenment contribute to changes in European judicial systems?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

____ religion and growing secularization were important factors in the emergence of the Enlightenment.

A)A new devotion to
B)Skepticism toward
C)The absolute rejection of
D)A renewed faith in
E)The embrace of traditional

Answer 2

Skepticism toward

Question 3

On what grounds did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge conventional eighteenth-century ideas about women's nature and their proper social roles?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 5

Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.

Question 6

The Plurality of Worlds used a dialogue between an aristocratic lady and her lover to explain

A)the mechanistic universe.
B)religious toleration.
C)the power of reason.
D)absolute monarchy.
E)human nature.

Question 7

Which statement best describes the French philosophes?

A)They flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)They sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines beyond philosophy.
C)They were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)They supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)They were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 8

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Question 9

Whose voyages in the Pacific Ocean were a major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century?

A)James Cook
B)Ferdinand de Lesseps
C)Zheng He
D)David Hume
E)Ferdinand Magellan

Question 10

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Question 11

Supporters of polygenesis believed that

A)there were a number of separate human species.
B)there was only one human species.
C)the earth had been created by more than one god.
D)truth could only be discovered through the embrace of all religions.
E)racial differences were largely an illusion.

Question 12

What were the chief characteristics of popular religion in the eighteenth century?

Question 13

Who were the philosophes? What common characteristics did they have?

Question 14

With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?

A)A passion for evil
B)Love in their heart
C)The image of God in their mind's eye
D)A blank mind
E)A mixture of their parent's beliefs and values

Question 15

What most closely describes the contributions of Isaac Newton and John Locke to the Enlightenment?

A)They created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)They provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)They claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)They said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E)They had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 16

Which scientist-philosopher provided a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the 18th century?

A)Voltaire
B)Diderot
C)Montesquieu
D)Beccaria
E)Fontenelle

Question 17

How did Kant define the Enlightenment? What differences did he see between his time and earlier periods?

Question 18

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by the "general will"? What kind of government did he advocate?

Question 19

What role did the salon hostess play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?

Question 20

How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?

A)"Man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
B)"The end of tyranny"
C)"A new era of equality for all"
D)"A false intimation of future woes"
E)"The proxy for real progress"

Question 21

Who said that individuals "will be forced to be free"?

A)Baron Paul d'Holbach
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Denis Diderot
D)Francois Quesnay
E)Voltaire

Question 22

According to Adam Smith, what was a legitimate function of government?

A)To promote religion
B)To protect society from invasion
C)To plan the national economy
D)To set wages and prices
E)To provide all citizens with employment

Question 23

Adam Smith laid the foundations for

A)utopian idealism.
B)radical socialism.
C)romantic nationalism.
D)political conservatism.
E)economic liberalism.

Question 24

Marie-Therese de Geoffrin gained fame as a

A)innovative physicist.
B)musician and singer.
C)salon hostess.
D)remarkably effective doctor.
E)novelist and moralist.

Question 25

With which of the following statements would Voltaire have agreed?

A)Women have no place in intellectual life.
B)The universe is a wild and unpredictable thing.
C)Jesus was a good man, but he was not divine.
D)God directs the lives of every individual.
E)Faith is more important than reason.

Question 26

What is the main idea of deism?

A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.

Question 27

In Rousseau's view, for what role were women best suited?

A)Mother
B)Soldier
C)Thinker
D)Writer
E)Worker

Question 28

As a deist, Voltaire likened the universe to a

A)human being.
B)clock.
C)wild animal.
D)unsolvable riddle.
E)delicious meal.

Question 29

From which segment of society did most of the French philosophes come?

A)The nobility and the middle class
B)The lower class and the lower middle class
C)Aristocracy and nobility
D)Urban artisans and craftsmen
E)Merchants and tradesmen

Question 30

According to Montesquieu, there were three basic types of governments: republican, monarchical, and

A)imperial.
B)socialist.
C)despotic.
D)democratic.
E)oligarchical.

Question 31

What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia, according to Diderot?

A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking

Question 32

What was the "general will" according to Rousseau?

A)A meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason
B)A result derived from the law of supply and demand
C)A license to do as one pleased
D)A social consensus to which the individual must bow
E)A relationship that was identical to Locke's social contract

Question 33

What was Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery?

A)The great play "Is Rome Burning?"
B)A 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
C)An autobiography published in French
D)A biography of Newton, "the greatest European"
E)An unconditional support for enlightened despotism

Question 34

Most French salons were run by

A)women.
B)members of the clergy.
C)older men.
D)government officials.
E)merchants.

Question 35

Baron Paul d'Holbach believed that

A)emotion was more important than reason.
B)traditional values were always best.
C)religious revival was Europe's only hope.
D)God was like a clockmaker.
E)God did not exist.

Question 36

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws?

A)Mary Wollstonecraft
B)Denis Diderot
C)Voltaire
D)Montesquieu
E)John Locke

Question 37

Who made the strongest statement about women's rights during the Enlightenment?

A)Mary Wollstonecraft
B)Beatrice Williams
C)Mary Astell
D)Princess Amelia of Austria
E)Maria Cavendish

Question 38

For Rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

A)Divine right monarchy
B)Marriage
C)Religion
D)Ignoring the "general will"
E)Private property

Question 39

Who advocated natural economic laws as the leader of the Physiocrats?

A)Denis Diderot
B)Adam Smith
C)Francois Quesnay
D)Cesare Beccaria
E)David Hume

Question 40

Which city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?

A)Geneva
B)Berlin
C)London
D)Vienna
E)Paris

Question 41

Bach and Handel perfected the ____ musical style.

A)Baroque
B)classical
C)romantic
D)secular
E)Rococo

Question 42

In the eighteenth century, the largest number of Jews lived in

A)France.
B)eastern Europe.
C)northern Europe.
D)Italy.
E)England, Ireland, and Wales.

Question 43

What development enabled the growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century?

A)Private tutors
B)Magazines for the general public
C)Compulsory education for the general public
D)State investments in free books
E)Libraries

Question 44

What best describes both Catholic and Protestant churches in eighteenth-century Europe?

A)They declined in numbers and influence.
B)They still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
C)They were responsible for the dramatic role in literary.
D)They had not changed much in two centuries.
E)They were legally separated from any state or government connections.

Question 45

Except in ____, judicial torture remained an important tool of European criminal-justice systems in the eighteenth century.

A)Russia
B)France
C)Spain
D)England
E)Prussia

Question 46

Mozart wrote his first opera at age

A)twelve.
B)eighteen.
C)six.
D)twenty-two.
E)thirty.

Question 47

George Frederick Handel spent most his adult life in

A)Germany.
B)Italy.
C)England.
D)France.
E)Spain.

Question 48

Which English writer argued that women should be better educated in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies?

A)Anne Stuart
B)Mary Astell
C)Mary Wollstonecraft
D)Jane Austin
E)Maria Cavendish

Question 49

Rococo art emphasized

A)grace and gentle actions.
B)majesty and power.
C)geometry and straight lines.
D)minute detail and realism.
E)shades of gray, white, and black.

Question 50

At what time was Carnival celebrated?

A)The weeks leading up to Christmas
B)Easter
C)The weeks leading up to Lent
D)Pentecost
E)All Saints Day

Question 51

What literary expression became the primary form of fiction writing in the eighteenth century?

A)Epic poetry
B)Autobiography
C)Novels
D)Short stories
E)Histories of the Middle Ages

Question 52

In his work, On Crimes and Punishments, ____ argued that punishments should serve only as deterrents.

A)Voltaire
B)Diderot
C)Montesquieu
D)Hume
E)Beccaria

Question 53

Which religious denomination was founded by John Wesley to provide a more emotionally fulfilling alternative to the Church of England?

A)Unitarianism
B)Quakerism
C)Presbyterianism
D)Lutheranism
E)Methodism

Question 54

What best describes the Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century?

A)It was confined to France.
B)It was best expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach.
C)It was most evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
D)It was characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power.
E)It was more severe and mathematical than the Baroque.

Question 55

Which French Rococo painter portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized?

A)Antoine Watteau
B)Balthasar Neumann
C)Madam Geoffrin
D)Rembrandt
E)Caspar David Friedrich

Question 56

What was the favorite alcoholic drink of the poor in eighteenth-century England?

A)Port
B)Whiskey
C)Brandy
D)Vodka
E)Gin

Question 57

The Sephardic Jews were expelled from ____ in the fifteenth century.

A)the Ottoman Empire
B)Poland
C)Spain
D)England
E)Russia

Question 58

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered the most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

A)Bach
B)Handel
C)Haydn
D)Beethoven
E)Mozart

Question 59

What best describes the European legal system by the end of the eighteenth century?

A)There was a movement away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment.
B)Corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
C)Criminal punishments became crueler as violent crimes increased.
D)The death penalty was abolished in western Europe.
E)Virtually all crimes were punished with a fine.

Question 60

For Johann Sebastian Bach, music was above all a(n)

A)group activity.
B)source of enjoyment.
C)way to worship God.
D)way to make money.
E)expression of reason.

Question 61

After John Wesley's death, Methodism became an integral component of the Anglican Church.

Question 62

Mary Wollstonecraft is viewed by many as the founder of European feminism.

Question 63

Isaac Newton had little impact on the French Enlightenment.

Question 64

Adam Smith believed that government had an important, if limited, role to play in the economy.

Question 65

Rousseau believed that men and women were fundamentally different.

Question 66

Montesquieu believed that democracy was always the best form of government.

Question 67

The reputation of a salon depended on the stature of the men it was able to attract.

Question 68

More than 90 percent of Europe's Catholic population went to Mass on Easter Sunday.

Question 69

John Wesley sought to

A)promote deism.
B)bring sophistication and rationality to religion.
C)take the emotion out of Christianity.
D)blend reason and faith.
E)bring the Gospel to ordinary people.

Question 70

Most French philosophes came from the lower orders of society.

Question 71

Rococo artists celebrated majesty, power, and movement.