Deck 6: D: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

In Pavlov's experiments,the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A reward will reliably increase responding,while an operant reinforcer will increase responding only occasionally.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Events that precede a response are called antecedents,while events that follow a response are called consequences.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in stimulus generalization.

Question 5

Every time Mac's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food.In this example,the dog's salivation to the sound of the can opener would be the unconditioned response.

Question 6

Food,water,pain reduction,sex,and brain stimulation are all considered to be primary reinforcers.

Question 7

The concept of response chaining helps explain how the entire sequence of events necessary to prepare a meal is reinforced by the final dining experience.

Question 8

Developing a fear of sharks after watching a movie that depicts "man-eating sharks" would have to take place through vicarious classical conditioning.

Question 9

Three-year-old Jake ran up to the neighbor's new lab puppy.The puppy barked loudly and playfully jumped up on Jake,knocking him down.Although Jake was not hurt,the experience did frighten him.The next time he saw the lab puppy,he hugged his mother's knees and began to cry.Regarding the development of Jake's fear of dogs,this puppy served as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

We pick up phones that are ringing,but rarely answer phones that are silent,which illustrates the concept of stimulus control.

Question 11

Negative reinforcement is a type of punishment that decreases the behavior it follows.

Question 12

Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.

Question 13

Using a computer or playing a musical instrument can occur in the absence of obvious,tangible reinforcers,such as a food reward,because of the adaptive value of feedback.

Question 14

Continuous reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than partial reinforcement.

Question 15

Psychologist Joseph Steinmetz found that people with autism,obsessive compulsive disorder,fetal alcohol syndrome,and schizophrenia show unusual eye blink conditioning.

Question 16

Learning is a change in behavior caused by maturation and practice.

Question 17

Your dog jumps up on you when you get home; and you eliminate this behavior by ignoring the dog when it jumps on you.The ignoring of this response would be an example of operant extinction.

Question 18

Jamal works for a department store that pays him $50 for every three bicycles he assembles; thus,Jamal is on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

Question 19

In Thorndike's law of effect,events critical for conditioning occur before the response.

Question 20

You are a very good bowler now,but you did not start out that way.Your father reinforced you for each small improvement you made over several months through a process known as shaping.

Question 21

The Premack principle states that activities you like doing,such as watching television,can serve as reinforcers for activities that you want to increase,such as studying more.

Question 22

If you classically conditioned a person to yawn when he or she heard the word "psychology," the word "psychology" would be considered the __________ stimulus.

Question 23

Classical and operant conditioning are the two types of __________ learning.

Question 24

A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections.Although the child has never received an injection,he responds fearfully when a needle is brought near him.His reaction is an example of __________ classical conditioning.

Question 25

Frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.

Question 26

A child calls his black cat "Binkie" but does not call other black cats this name,which illustrates operant stimulus discrimination.

Question 27

After a response has been extinguished,it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is referred to as a(n)__________.

Question 28

Little Armondo is afraid of dogs.He also shows a fear of other furry animals,such as cats and rabbits.Armondo is exhibiting simulus __________.

Question 29

Events that occur after a response are called __________.

Question 30

Repeated exposure to media violence desensitizes individuals,making them less likely to react negatively to violence and,hence,more prone to engage in aggression.

Question 31

Compared to learning by rote,discovery learning produces a better understanding of new problems.

Question 32

Tyler's a 12-year-old child who is frequently punished by his father,often lies about his whereabouts and stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Tyler is demonstrating avoidance learning.

Question 33

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as the __________ view.

Question 34

A strategy for breaking bad habits that involves trying to get the same reinforcement using a new response is known as the strategy of cues and antecedents.

Question 35

Tommy's mother slaps his hand as punishment when he tries to sneak his third before-dinner cookie; therefore,we can expect Tommy's cookie-sneaking to completely disappear.

Question 36

The type of learning that is also known as instrumental learning and involves voluntary responses being emitted by the animal or person is called __________ conditioning.

Question 37

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This illustrates a(n) __________,or CER.

Question 38

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment,most of the children imitated all of the models,whether live,filmed,or cartoon.

Question 39

In Pavlov's experiment,the dog's salivation to the food is referred to as the __________ response.

Question 40

If you have ever learned your way through the various levels found in many video games,you have developed a cognitive map of the video game.

Question 41

A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply is known as a(n)__________.

Question 42

You have just broken up with your boyfriend.You are sitting at a table with friends when you see him enter the restaurant.He has not seen you yet,so you duck into the ladies room.You are exhibiting __________ learning.

Question 43

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze,city,campus,etc.)that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal refers to a(n)__________.

Question 44

Young children may temporarily call all men daddy,much to the embarrassment of their parents,which illustrates operant stimulus __________.

Question 45

Facts or principles gained by insight that often lead to a better understanding of new or unusual problems describes __________ learning.

Question 46

When Erica broke her curfew,her parents took away all of her phone and car privileges for a week.Erica's parents are using the type of punishment known as __________.

Question 47

The type of learning that involves higher mental processes,such as understanding,knowing,or anticipating is called __________ learning.

Question 48

In a psychology class,the students have to turn in a topic report every two weeks.Typically,they get in a writing frenzy a couple of days before the report is due; then they do not write anything until right before the next due date.This pattern of responding illustrates the partial reinforcement schedule known as __________.

Question 49

Watching a great deal of televised violence can cause a person to be less likely to react negatively to the violence,which involves the person being __________ to the violence.

Question 50

Skills,such as dancing,tying your shoe,or playing a guitar,are most easily learned through __________ learning.

Question 51

Because punishment is aversive,people and situations associated with punishment tend to become feared,resented,or disliked through __________ conditioning.

Question 52

Sara wears the same bracelet to class each time she has a major test because she believes that wearing this piece of jewelry will assure her an A just like she got on the first test when she was wearing the bracelet.Sara is exhibiting a(n)__________ behavior.

Question 53

You are being paid for each 100 square feet of drywall you install.You are being paid on the type of partial reinforcement schedule known as __________.

Question 54

Choosing a target behavior,recording a baseline,establishing goals,choosing reinforcers,recording progress,rewarding progress,and adjusting one's plan are the steps making up a procedure known as __________.

Question 55

If you wear sunglasses to escape the glare of the sun,then you are wearing the sunglasses because of __________reinforcement.

Question 56

When your professor gives you back a graded test,being able to see your errors and corrected answers provides you with information about your progress in class,which is known as __________.

Question 57

A tangible secondary reinforcer,such as money,gold stars,or poker chips,that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities is referred to as a(n)__________ reinforcer.

Question 58

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is referred to as __________.

Question 59

Whether we drive our car across an intersection depends on if the traffic light is red or green,which illustrates the principle of __________.

Question 60

You go through a series of steps in making a six-tier wedding cake with the "oohs" and "ahhs" of the wedding guests and your payment being the reinforcement for the numerous steps you completed in this example of __________.

Question 61

Using behavioral terms,explain why advertisers might pair a "party scene" with a product,such as a soft drink; and explain why many stores carry imitations of nationally known products and place them right beside of these more well-known products.

Question 62

Explain how the classical conditioning of an eye blink came to be used as a diagnostic tool,and how various conditions have been diagnosed using it.

Question 63

Describe three ways in which conditioning techniques can be used to help people learn how to conserve energy resources.

Question 64

Mitzi is extremely afraid of cats because she was badly scratched by one when she was younger.Abby is also afraid of cats,although she has never been scratched by one.However,Abby's mother is also afraid of cats.
(a)Explain the way that Mitzi developed her phobia,using the US,UR,CS,and CR.
(b)Explain the way Abby developed her phobia.
(c)Describe how both of these women could overcome their phobias.

Question 65

A teacher wants her students to study steadily across the semester.What kind of schedule of reinforcement could she put her quizzes on in order to produce a steady rate of responding,and explain why this schedule would be more successful than the other schedules of reinforcement?

Question 66

Your friend tells you that "negative reinforcement is a type of punishment." Explain why your friend is VERY WRONG about these concepts by giving the definition and an example of each concept.

Question 67

Five-year-old Elijah watches his favorite TV superhero pound the villain into the pavement and dreams of doing that to the bully at kindergarten.What factors could lead Elijah to model the TV character's aggression?

Question 68

Describe three problems that occur as punishment increases in severity.

Question 69

Select a behavior that you would like to increase or decrease; describe how you would set up a behavioral self-management program for this behavior; and explain why self-recording is so important.

Question 70

Explain the importance of antecedents and consequences for learning,and then compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning,including the role of antecedents and consequences,the type of response,the role of the learner,the nature of the learning,and the learned expectancy for each.