Deck 16: A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Question 1

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions are called

A) social roles.
B) cultures.
C) social stereotypes.
D) social status.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The position one occupies within the structure of a group defines one's

A) competence.
B) personal control.
C) social role.
D) degree of affiliation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dr.Salter is conducting a study on attitude change,while his colleagues Drs.Ashad and Morton are conducting research on conformity and obedience,respectively.These researchers are most likely

A) humanistic psychologists.
B) personality theorists.
C) social psychologists.
D) psychoanalytical psychologists.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An ongoing pattern of life that characterizes a society at a given point in history is called

A) conformity.
B) standard norms.
C) group cohesion.
D) culture.

Question 5

Regarding social networks,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A family, crew, and gang would be considered a social network.
B) A community, a company, or a nation would not be considered a social network.
C) Although Milgram and Webb in their experiments found people to be separated by only six degrees of separation, one recent report concluded that we are now down to three degrees of separation.
D) Our social networks strongly influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Question 6

According to the text,social psychology is the study of how people

A) form organized social groups.
B) behave in the presence of others.
C) resolve their psychosocial conflicts.
D) through an interaction with others develop a balance between their real and ideal selves.

Question 7

Roles that people do not choose for themselves,such as female or son,are called __________ roles.

A) ascribed
B) achieved
C) affective
D) earned

Question 8

Language,marriage customs and sex roles are a part of an ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next and is referred to as

A) conformity.
B) group standardization.
C) group cohesion.
D) culture.

Question 9

We all belong to many overlapping social groups,and in each we occupy a position in which aspect of the group?

A) cohesiveness
B) structure
C) context
D) hierarchy of needs

Question 10

When roles are NOT under the individual's control,such as being an only child,these roles are considered to be __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) random
D) stereotyped

Question 11

Jay is an adolescent,while Edward is an elderly man.Thus,both of these would be considered __________ roles.

A) ascribed
B) achieved
C) defined
D) specified

Question 12

We all belong to many overlapping social groups; and within the structure of the group,we occupy a

A) degree of affiliation.
B) position.
C) behavioral pattern.
D) social affinity.

Question 13

Vanessa is female,a daughter,and a young adult.The roles that shape her behavior are called __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) ascertained
D) actualized

Question 14

Being born into an organized society means that which of the following are present when we arrive?

A) established values
B) established expectations
C) established behavior patterns
D) all of these

Question 15

In 1967 social psychologist Stanley Milgram performed an experiment using the regular mail,and sociologist Duncan Watts replicated it using e-mail in 2003.Participants were given a message and the name,address,and occupation of the person who should receive it.Using regular mail in Milgram's experiment and e-mail in Watt's experiment,a participant could only send the message to a first-name acquaintance,who would send it to a first-name acquaintance and so on until it reached the "target person" in another country.Milgram and Watts both found that the average number of intermediaries before the letter or e-mail reached its intended destination to be

A) six.
B) 10.
C) 32.
D) 48.

Question 16

Teachers are expected to come to class prepared,on time,and to maintain order within the classroom,while imparting knowledge and facilitating learning.This describes a teacher's

A) ascribed role.
B) social role.
C) role conflict.
D) social stereotype.

Question 17

The are different sets of behaviors and expectations associated with your being a mother,a boss,or a student.These are examples of which of the following within your life?

A) social roles
B) cultural identities
C) social stereotypes
D) status groups

Question 18

Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called

A) ascribed roles.
B) achieved roles.
C) positions.
D) social selves.

Question 19

Being the member of a particular generation,such as the Baby Boomers,Generation X,or Generation Y,would be an example of a(n)__________ role.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) temporary
D) permanent

Question 20

The scientific study of how individuals behave,think,and feel in the presence of others,whether actual or implied is called __________ psychology.

A) personality
B) social
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 21

If the various roles a person occupies require behaviors that are inconsistent with one another,there is

A) frustration and aggression.
B) role conflict.
C) a lack of cohesion.
D) a social exchange.

Question 22

In the Stanford Prison study,normal healthy male college students were paid to serve as "prisoners" and "guards" in a simulated prison.During this research,

A) three "prisoners" were so severely beaten they had to be hospitalized.
B) the "guards" did not take their roles seriously.
C) the "prisoners" quickly became passive and dehumanized.
D) the "prisoners" and the "guards" quickly became too friendly towards one another.

Question 23

Two important dimensions of any group are

A) ascribed and achieved roles.
B) structure and cohesiveness.
C) role diffusion and status.
D) groupthink and conformity.

Question 24

Justin is the lead guitarist for the punk rock band Wretched Flamingo.Being the guitarist in a band would be considered a(n)

A) ascribed role.
B) achieved role.
C) role conflict.
D) social stereotype.

Question 25

The difference in behavior between the sadistic "guards" and the dehumanized "prisoners" in the Zimbardo prison study is best attributed to

A) pathological personalities.
B) the roles they were asked to play.
C) personal histories not revealed in prior screening.
D) their respective ages.

Question 26

The Stanford prison experiment suggests that many destructive human relationships have their source in

A) conformity.
B) personality differences.
C) social roles.
D) group cohesiveness.

Question 27

Mothers with full-time jobs,coaches whose sons or daughters play on their team,and students who have jobs and families to take care of all experience

A) a change in status.
B) a shift in power.
C) groupthink.
D) role conflict.

Question 28

Sam and Jennifer were just married.Being a husband and a wife would be considered

A) social stereotypes.
B) role conflicts.
C) achieved roles.
D) ascribed roles.

Question 29

Zimbardo interpreted the results of his simulated prison study as an indication of the

A) powerful influence of social roles on people.
B) tendency to show compassion to people in need.
C) weakness of social pressure in some situations.
D) tendency to displace aggression.

Question 30

Achieved role is to psychologist as ascribed role is to

A) church lay leader.
B) niece.
C) rock star.
D) spouse.

Question 31

In the Stanford Prison study,the participants

A) were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" and "guards."
B) were selected to be either "prisoners" and "guards" based on their personality profiles.
C) chose which role, "prisoner" and "guard," they would play.
D) changed their role after two weeks with the "prisoners" becoming "guards" and vice versa.

Question 32

Which of the following research studies is a testament to the power of social roles?

A) Cialdini's door-in-the-face effect
B) Milgram's message experiment
C) Zilstein's shock research
D) Zimbardo's prison experiment

Question 33

Regarding the Stanford Prison study,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Four of the students playing "prisoners" had to be released because they were crying, confused, or severely depressed.
B) The students were selected to play the roles of "prisoners" and "guards" based on personality profiles.
C) After the experiment, the "guards" had difficulty in believing the types of behaviors they exhibited toward the "prisoners."
D) After six days, the experiment had to be halted.

Question 34

Roles attained voluntarily or by special effort such,as a police officer or an architect,are called __________ roles.

A) perceived
B) ascribed
C) affective
D) achieved

Question 35

Which of the following conducted a simulated prison experiment that showed dramatically how social settings influence our behavior,particularly the powerful effects of social roles?

A) Philip Zimbardo
B) Robert Cialdini
C) Harold Kelley
D) Duncan Watts

Question 36

A police officer who has to arrest his nephew for drug possession or a teacher who must flunk a close friend's daughter will most likely experience

A) role conflict.
B) role reversal.
C) role exchange.
D) role diffusion.

Question 37

Vincent's behavior is shaped by his roles as a married teacher and by his second job as the sports writer for the local paper.These roles would be considered __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) ascertained
D) actualized

Question 38

Sara and Carmen work at the same company and have been friends for a number of years.Recently,Carmen was promoted,making her Sara's supervisor.This situation may create

A) role conflict.
B) role reversal.
C) role exchange.
D) role diffusion.

Question 39

At work being a good team player versus being a strong manager can lead to job burnout and negative health outcomes due to

A) ascribed roles.
B) role conflict.
C) groupthink.
D) role reversals.

Question 40

Roles contribute to the streamlining of everyday interactions because they

A) permit us to make fundamental attributions in social situations.
B) allow us to anticipate the actions of others.
C) frequently put us in positions of indecision about appropriate behavior.
D) can be learned with relatively little effort.

Question 41

In American society,special privileges are often bestowed upon persons because of

A) convergent norms.
B) higher structure within the group.
C) the actor-observer bias.
D) higher status.

Question 42

An individual's position in a social structure,especially with respect to power,privilege,or importance is known as

A) an ascribed role.
B) social dimension.
C) social status.
D) self-assertion.

Question 43

Regarding solitude,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) In our intensely social world, a person who is alone is either a loner, a social outcast, or extremely shy.
B) In extreme cases, people who shun social interactions and are troubled by their isolation may even be diagnosed with a mental disorder, such as agoraphobia.
C) A person who is alone may simply prefer solitude.
D) Many of history's most creative and spiritual individuals have found insight in their solitude.

Question 44

The network of roles,communication pathways,and power in a group is known as

A) groupthink.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) group structure.
D) status comparisons.

Question 45

Which of the following do therapy groups,businesses,and sports teams seek to increase because it helps people to work together better?

A) group structure
B) status comparisons
C) group cohesiveness
D) compliance

Question 46

We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our __________ group.

A) achieved
B) out-
C) ascribed
D) negative referent

Question 47

A group to which the person does not identify is known as the __________ group.

A) out-
B) ascribed
C) ethnocentric
D) negative reference

Question 48

We tend to attribute positive characteristics to our __________ group.

A) in-
B) achieved
C) ascribed
D) positive referent

Question 49

Regarding in-groups and out-groups,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Cohesiveness is particularly strong for one's in-groups.
B) We tend to exaggerate differences between members of out-groups and our own group.
C) The existence of in-groups and out-groups sets the stage for conflict between groups and for racial and ethnic prejudice.
D) We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our in-group and positive characteristics to the out-group we are envious of.

Question 50

Group structure refers to the

A) strength of the group members' desire to remain in the group.
B) accepted but unspoken standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
C) organization of roles, communication, and power in the group.
D) degree of attraction among group members.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT an element of group structure?

A) roles
B) communication pathways
C) allocation of power
D) social comparisons

Question 52

Regarding solitude,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Some people are alone because they are socially fearful, self-conscious, shy, or otherwise dislike social situations.
B) In extreme cases, people who shun social interactions and are troubled by their isolation may even be diagnosed with a mental disorder, such as a narcissistic or histrionic personality disorder.
C) Some people are alone simply because they prefer solitude.
D) Quiet time for reflection does seem to be associated with creativity, spiritual growth, problem solving, and self-discovery.

Question 53

Even though almost all the students at the National FFA conference are wearing similar jackets,it is relatively easy to pick out the different student groups competing because the members of each group are standing or sitting close together and tend to pay more attention to their group members than to the other people.This illustrates

A) group structure.
B) groupthink.
C) social comparison.
D) group cohesiveness.

Question 54

When members of a group show more mutual affection and when their behavior tends to be more closely coordinated,the members are demonstrating

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) group compliance.

Question 55

The basis for much of the power that groups exert over us involves

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) group compliance.

Question 56

A person's in-group is often defined by

A) nationality and ethnicity.
B) age, gender, education, and income.
C) religion and political values.
D) a combination of all of these social dimensions.

Question 57

Group cohesiveness is particularly strong for groups with which a person mainly identifies,which are called __________ groups.

A) ascribed
B) in-
C) status
D) achieved

Question 58

A large company sets up a friendly competition among all of its departments to increase worker safety.The members of the department with the best record in six months will be awarded four additional paid holidays.As the workers in each department work together to win the competition,the company is hoping to increase

A) groupthinking.
B) group structure.
C) group cohesiveness.
D) group compliance.

Question 59

While informal friendships may or may not have this,organized groups,such as the army or an athletic team,do have a high degree of

A) group structure.
B) groupthink.
C) ascribed roles.
D) social comparison.

Question 60

The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group is called

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) compliance.

Question 61

In an experiment,people were given a handbill as they entered a public parking garage.The more litter there was on the floor of the garage,the more likely people were to add to it by dropping their handbill.This experiment illustrates

A) role conflict experienced between littering or not littering.
B) differing norms for whether littering was acceptable in that situation.
C) superordinate goals in place for not littering.
D) how the number of people present affects littering behavior.

Question 62

The autokinetic effect was used by Muzafer Sherif in a study of

A) status relationships.
B) group norms.
C) group cohesiveness.
D) public distance.

Question 63

Dr.Sollie has members of her sociology class go into an elevator and stand facing the rest of the occupants on the elevator,or walk into the cafeteria and begin singing and dancing.Other students then note people's reactions to these behaviors.Dr.Sollie is having her students break a(n)

A) superordinate goal.
B) ascribed role.
C) attribution.
D) norm.

Question 64

A majority of college students believe that they are more troubled about excessive drinking on campus than other students are.If disapproving students actually outnumber "party animals," then excessive drinking should be less acceptable than it is on campus.This misperception about campus drinking demonstrates that which of the following is often based on our perceptions of what others think and do?

A) a social norm
B) group cohesiveness
C) the autokinetic effect
D) proxemics

Question 65

Which of the following are often based on our perceptions of what others think and do?

A) denotations
B) proxemics
C) convictions
D) norms

Question 66

A widely accepted,but often unspoken standard for appropriate behavior is called a(n)

A) ascribed role.
B) achieved role.
C) norm.
D) group sanction.

Question 67

The hostile reaction of others as you step in front of them in a grocery store checkout line occurs because you have violated a

A) norm.
B) social status.
C) social role.
D) group structure.

Question 68

A group's established pattern of appropriate or acceptable behavior is referred to as its

A) norms.
B) rules.
C) structure.
D) standardization.

Question 69

Using the autokinetic effect in his study,Muzafer Sherif found that people give very different estimates of how far the light moves.However,when two or more people announce their estimates at the same time,their judgments rapidly converge,which demonstrates

A) social status.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) social influence.
D) a regression toward the mean.

Question 70

The American society's preoccupation with expensive clothes and cars is shown by people's tendency to give more privileges and greater respect to individuals

A) we have sympathy for.
B) of higher status.
C) of similar status to ourselves.
D) we mistrust and are jealous of.

Question 71

In an experiment cited in your textbook,a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men was/were given a pastry when they both asked politely?

A) the well-dressed man
B) the poorly-dressed man
C) both men, regardless of how they were dressed
D) neither man, regardless of how he was dressed

Question 72

In an experiment cited in your textbook,a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men was/were given a pastry when they both were impolite in asking for the pastry?

A) the well-dressed man
B) the poorly-dressed man
C) both men, regardless of how they were dressed
D) neither man, regardless of how he was dressed

Question 73

A convergence of attitudes,beliefs,and behaviors tends to take place in many groups due to

A) social status.
B) perceptual norms.
C) social influence.
D) a regression toward the mean.

Question 74

In Sherif's experiment using the autokinetic effect,social influence was demonstrated by the

A) spatial relationships involved in the autokinetic effect.
B) unspoken nature of norms displayed by the participants.
C) fact that a single light in a dark room will appear to drift or move.
D) convergence of judgments by the participants.

Question 75

In an experiment cited in your textbook,researchers,some of whom were dressed poorly and others well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.These researchers were studying the

A) difference between achieved roles and ascribed roles.
B) effects of social status in society.
C) impact of social roles on prosocial behavior.
D) dimensions of group structure.

Question 76

In public areas that are kept clean,people tend to

A) not litter because there is a norm or standard set for cleanliness in that area.
B) litter more than if the area was already littered.
C) show more kindness toward the people around them in the clean area.
D) decide whether to litter or not based on their early training in childhood.

Question 77

In most situations,people are more likely to comply with a request made by

A) a lower status person because of sympathy.
B) a higher status person only if he or she is polite.
C) a higher status person even if he or she is impolite.
D) someone of similar status to ourselves.

Question 78

The apparent movement of a small stationary point of light is called the __________ effect.

A) autokinetic
B) halo
C) opponent-process
D) activation-synthesis

Question 79

When one person's behavior is changed by the actions of others,we say that which of the following has occurred?

A) proxemics
B) status referencing
C) social influence
D) perceptual constancy

Question 80

What is the relationship between privilege and status?

A) The higher the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
B) The lower the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
C) There is no relationship between privilege and status.
D) The relationship between privilege and status is unclear.