Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Many psychologists think of human memory as a type of information processing system that has _____ basic processes that are called ______.

A) 2; declarative memory and procedural memory
B) 2; implicit memory and explicit memory
C) 3; consolidation,elaboration,and rehearsal
D) 3; sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory
E) 3; encoding,storage,and retrieval

Answer 1

3; encoding,storage,and retrieval

Question 2

Regarding eidetic imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Eidetic images refer to vivid,detailed visual images.
B) Eidetic imagery usually disappears by age ten.
C) Eidetic imagery is more common in adults than in children.
D) About five percent of children have eidetic imagery.
E) Eidetic imagery is more commonly known as photographic memory.

Answer 2

Eidetic imagery is more common in adults than in children.

Question 3

Mark's friends say he has a "photographic memory." In scientific terms,Mark's memory ability is described as

A) iconic memory.
B) eidetic imagery.
C) immediate imagery.
D) semantic memory.
E) echoic memory.

Answer 3

eidetic imagery.

Question 4

The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?

A) verbal
B) semantic
C) acoustic
D) visual
E) echoic

Question 5

When asked to report his social security number Ian says,"999-99-1111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces,which makes it easier to recall.This is best explained by the concept of

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) the savings method.
E) chunking.

Question 6

Regarding short-term memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Short-term memory is also called working memory.
B) People vary in their short-term memory capacities,but people can increase their capacity by using chunking or other techniques.
C) Short-term memory allows a person to process and retain newly acquired information for about thirty seconds.
D) Use of maintenance rehearsal can extend short-term memory.
E) Short-term memory relies more on visual coding than acoustic coding.

Question 7

The storage device of sensory memory is called the

A) eidetic engine.
B) consolidation register.
C) temporary storage center.
D) sensory register.
E) semantic network.

Question 8

A retrieval cue is

A) an experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to respond in a particular way.
B) a process for enhancing retention of information by breaking the information into smaller,more easily recalled chunks.
C) a lingering mental representation of a sound.
D) a lingering mental representation of a visual image.
E) a stimulus associated with original learning that helps jog one's memory.

Question 9

What is the order of processing in memory?

A) storage,retrieval,encoding
B) storage,encoding,retrieval
C) encoding,storage,retrieval
D) encoding,retrieval,storage
E) retrieval,storage,encoding

Question 10

Sean stopped outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz.When he began to write the answers down,his pen ran out of ink.He repeated the last four answers to himself while he rushed to his dorm room to write them down.This is best explained by the concept of

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) whole rehearsal.
D) partial rehearsal.
E) chunking.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes memory storage?

A) the process of retaining information in memory
B) the recognition and storage of sensory impressions
C) the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory
D) lingering mental representations of a visual image
E) the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory

Question 12

The "Magic 7" refers to the

A) duration of sensory memory.
B) capacity of short-term memory.
C) capacity of sensory memory.
D) duration of short-term memory.
E) number of systems in the leading model of short-term memory.

Question 13

______ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.

A) Recall
B) Cognition
C) Learning
D) Memory
E) Perception

Question 14

Maintenance rehearsal is

A) synonymous with chunking.
B) consciously repeating information over and over again.
C) connecting to-be-remembered information with already-stored information.
D) synonymous with whole rehearsal.
E) picturing an object,pattern,or image in your mind.

Question 15

The capacity of short-term memory was investigated by

A) Loftus.
B) Sperling.
C) Baddeley.
D) Miller.
E) Tulving.

Question 16

Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on __________,whereas elaborative rehearsal involves practice based on _________.

A) repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations.
B) strengthening neural connections; strengthening neural nets.
C) repeating information as a whole; breaking the information into smaller pieces.
D) chunking; partial rehearsal.
E) partial rehearsal; chunking.

Question 17

In sensory memory,auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to ______ memory.

A) eidetic; iconic
B) iconic; echoic
C) echoic; iconic
D) iconic; eidetic
E) eidetic; echoic

Question 18

After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number,Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in her head.This process converts auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds,and it is called __________ encoding.

A) vocal
B) internal
C) acoustic
D) sub-auditory
E) semantic

Question 19

In memory encoding,mental picture is to _____ as meaning is to _____.

A) auditory; semantic
B) auditory; visual
C) visual; auditory
D) visual; semantic
E) semantic; auditory

Question 20

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time (a few seconds or less)is called

A) short-term memory.
B) limited memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) temporary memory.
E) echoic memory.

Question 21

Regarding declarative memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Declarative memory is a type of long-term memory.
B) Declarative memory is memory of facts and personal information.
C) Declarative memories are recalled without conscious effort.
D) Declarative memory is described as explicit.
E) The two types of declarative memory are semantic and episodic.

Question 22

The levels-of-processing theory explains the

A) interaction among the components of working memory.
B) organization of the semantic network model.
C) superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal.
D) direction of spreading activation.
E) process of consolidating memories during sleep.

Question 23

When Agnes hears the word "banana," she automatically thinks of concepts such as yellow,monkeys,and fruit. This phenomenon can best be explained by the concept of

A) memory consolidation.
B) elaborative processing.
C) the semantic network model.
D) maintenance rehearsal.
E) chunking.

Question 24

The process of converting unstable,short-term memory into lasting,stable memories is called

A) eidetic engineering.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) consolidation.
E) chunking.

Question 25

Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______.

A) knowing how; knowing that
B) knowing that; knowing when
C) knowing when; knowing who
D) knowing that; knowing who
E) knowing how; knowing who

Question 26

Which of the following suggests that long-term memory is organized in terms of an elaborate arrangement of associated concepts?

A) Semantic network model
B) Constructionist theory
C) Three-stage model
D) Levels-of-processing theory
E) Retrieval theory

Question 27

All of the following are categories of declarative memory EXCEPT

A) semantic.
B) episodic.
C) procedural.
D) prospective.
E) retrospective.

Question 28

Your general world information (e.g.,state capitals,U.S.presidents)is stored in

A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) prospective memory.
D) retrospective memory.
E) short-term memory.

Question 29

Who invented the World Wide Web?

A) Berners-Lee
B) Miller
C) Averhart and Bigler
D) Loftus
E) Ebbinghaus

Question 30

Dr.Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory.Which type of memory will Ohno's research participants be recalling?

A) past experiences or events and previously acquired information
B) repressed experiences
C) past personal experiences only
D) things they plan to do in the future
E) sensory memories of current experiences

Question 31

Regarding episodic memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Episodic memory is like a diary,holding memories of things that have happened to the individual.
B) Episodic memories are better remembered when regularly retrieved and rehearsed.
C) Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory.
D) Episodic memory is also known as autobiographical memory.
E) Episodic memory is found in humans,as well as other species.

Question 32

Keiko knows that Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah and that George Washington was the first president of the United States.These are examples of

A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) historical memory.
D) working memory.
E) prospective memory.

Question 33

In contrast to maintenance rehearsal,elaborative rehearsal involves

A) repetition of information to strengthen new learning.
B) strengthening neural connections.
C) breaking down complex material into smaller pieces.
D) chunking information.
E) focusing on the meaning of the material..

Question 34

Sleep is important for which memory process?

A) Perception of sensory information in the sensory register
B) Formation of flashbulb memories
C) Maintenance rehearsal
D) Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
E) Holding material in the eidetic engine

Question 35

Declarative memory is also known as

A) procedural memory.
B) demonstrative memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) explicit memory.
E) implicit memory.

Question 36

When Jacques wants to learn a new concept,he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge.This is an example of

A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) spaced practice.
D) overlearning.
E) massed practice.

Question 37

Semantic memory is most analogous to a(n)

A) best-selling novel.
B) diary.
C) journal.
D) day planner.
E) encyclopedia.

Question 38

Compared to short-term memory,long-term memory relies

A) more on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding.
B) more on visual coding and less on acoustic coding.
C) about the same on acoustic coding.
D) about the same on semantic coding.
E) equally on acoustic,visual,and semantic coding.

Question 39

The World Wide Web's structure,which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts,is based on which of the following?

A) retrieval theory
B) constructionist theory
C) levels-of-processing theory
D) semantic network model
E) three-stage model of memory

Question 40

The semantic network model proposes a process called ______ in which thinking of a concept leads to a rippling effect that triggers other related concepts.

A) consolidation
B) spreading activation
C) neuronal networking
D) long-term potentiation
E) eidetic engineering

Question 41

Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with

A) misinformation effects.
B) recovered memories of early childhood abuse.
C) emotionally-charged experiences.
D) near death experiences.
E) situations that are similar to the situation in which the memory was first encoded.

Question 42

All but which of the following factors influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

A) ease of recall
B) degree of confidence
C) the serial position effect
D) general knowledge about a subject
E) types of questions asked

Question 43

Even though she was only a toddler at the time,45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated.Jean's experience is an example of which of the following?

A) retrograde amnesia
B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) overlearning
D) misinformation effect
E) flashbulb memory

Question 44

Procedural long-term memory might best be described as

A) knowing when.
B) knowing what.
C) knowing how.
D) knowing which.
E) knowing that.

Question 45

In a study reported in the text,African American children were told stories in which light- and dark-complexioned African American characters were associated with either positive or negative attributes.When the children were asked to recall the stories,what happened?

A) The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
B) The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
C) The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
D) The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
E) The children were able to remember all stories equally well,regardless of the attributes assigned to the characters.

Question 46

According to constructionist theory,Gwendolyn's negative stereotype of how Asians behave is an example of a(n)

A) prospective memory.
B) retrospective memory.
C) schema.
D) engram.
E) misinformation effect.

Question 47

Regarding eyewitness testimony,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors.
B) Eyewitnesses are more likely to make mistakes when identifying members of a race other than their own.
C) The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony,the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be.
D) People who take longer to answer questions in giving testimony are less likely to be accurate than those who respond quickly.
E) Highly attractive or highly unattractive faces are more likely to be accurately identified than faces of average attractiveness.

Question 48

The "Try It Out" Feature in your text,"What's in the Photograph?" applies which concept from the unit on memory?

A) People are better able to recall information that is consistent with their existing schemas.
B) People can better recall data that they have "chunked" into smaller bits.
C) Emotionally arousing events can leave vivid,flashbulb memories permanently etched into the brain.
D) False memories of events that never took place can be induced experimentally.
E) Memory retrieval is impaired by a lack of retrieval cues,as well as by failure to encode information.

Question 49

Regarding long-term memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Declarative memory consists of semantic memory and episodic memory.
B) Prospective memory is remembering to remember.
C) Implicit memory is closely related to procedural memory and may even be a form of procedural memory.
D) Long-term memory relies primarily on acoustic and visual encoding.
E) The two major types of long-term memory are declarative memory and procedural memory.

Question 50

Which question is most likely to be associated with episodic memory?

A) Who wrote A Catcher in the Rye?
B) Where did I go on my first date?
C) What time is my dentist's appointment next week?
D) Who was the first astronaut to walk on the moon?
E) Which courses will I take in my next semester of college?

Question 51

Regarding implicit and explicit memory,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall,while explicit memory does not.
B) Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall,while implicit memory does not.
C) Both implicit and explicit memory require a conscious effort to recall.
D) Neither implicit nor explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall.
E) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall,while explicit memory does not,but only for procedural memories.

Question 52

______ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory.

A) The serial position effect
B) Proactive interference
C) The primacy effect
D) Retroactive interference
E) The misinformation effect

Question 53

Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party.But his mother corrects him,saying,"You never burned your hand.But I would tell you at every birthday to be careful of the candles." Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff's misremembering?

A) Levels of processing theory
B) Decay theory
C) Interference theory
D) Repressed memory theory
E) Constructionist theory

Question 54

Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories.

A) less vivid and less accurate than
B) more vivid and more accurate than
C) more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
D) less vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
E) more vivid and less accurate than

Question 55

When questioning eyewitnesses,open-ended questions tend to _________ but tend to elicit _________.

A) lead to misidentification of perpetrators; more information
B) greater confidence in eyewitness testimony; less information
C) fewer misidentifications than leading questions; more information
D) increase accuracy,fewer details
E) decrease accuracy,more details

Question 56

An organized knowledge structure reflecting one's past experience and future expectations is called a

A) stereotype.
B) phonological loop.
C) memory schema.
D) semantic network.
E) reconstructed memory.

Question 57

The view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called

A) the semantic network model.
B) the three-stage model of memory.
C) retrieval theory.
D) constructionist theory.
E) levels-of-processing theory.

Question 58

Regarding procedural memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be followed in completing a task.
B) Procedural memories are hard to verbalize.
C) Procedural memory is engaged without conscious effort.
D) Procedural memory involves motor or performance skills.
E) Athletes' use of the term "muscle memory" captures the nature of procedural memory.

Question 59

According to constructionist theory,memories of life experiences may be described by all but which of the following?

A) distorted simplifications of actual events and experiences
B) fabrications
C) missing important details
D) like impressionist paintings
E) mental snapshots of experiences

Question 60

Grace knows how to tie a square knot and how to drive an automobile with a standard transmission.These are examples of

A) declarative memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) prospective memory.
E) episodic memory.

Question 61

In investigative questioning,how do leading questions and open-ended questions compare?

A) Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than leading questions.
B) Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy and more details than leading questions.
C) Leading questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than open-ended questions.
D) Leading questions lead to more accuracy and more details than open-ended questions.
E) Both types of questions lead equally to many details,but little accuracy.

Question 62

The serial position effect occurs when people

A) remember the first things in a list the best.
B) remember the last things in a list the best.
C) remember the first and last things in a list the best.
D) have difficulty remembering the first and last things in a list.
E) remember things they learn first better than things they learn last.

Question 63

Which of the following calls into question the credibility of recovered memories of childhood abuse?

A) Research showing that false memories can be created under experimental conditions
B) Research showing that people who claim to be abuse victims tend to be dishonest
C) Research showing that hypnosis always heightens suggestibility to false memories
D) Research showing that the misinformation effect played a key role in several cases of false allegations
E) The horrific nature of the memories

Question 64

In memory processes,the primacy effect refers to

A) inferior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
B) inferior memory for items at the end of a list.
C) superior memory for items at the end of a list.
D) superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
E) superior memory for items at both the beginning and end of the list.

Question 65

Proactive inference occurs when

A) older memories interfere with newer memories.
B) newer memories interfere with older memories.
C) more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events.
D) less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events.
E) items in the middle of a list interfere with memorizing the first and last items.

Question 66

Jeffrey crams for all of his exams.In scientific terms,Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called

A) spaced practice.
B) distributed practice.
C) massed practice.
D) delayed practice.
E) overlearning.

Question 67

The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis of

A) decay theory.
B) interference theory.
C) the semantic network model.
D) retrieval theory.
E) constructionist theory.

Question 68

In his studies of memory,Ebbinghaus found that ______ of the information was lost by the end of the first day after studying,and that ______ of the information was lost after a month had passed.

A) 22%; 66%
B) 33%; 66%
C) 33%; 80%
D) 66%; 80%
E) 66%; 99%

Question 69

Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony?

A) Baddeley
B) Loftus
C) Lashley
D) Kandel
E) Miller

Question 70

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting

A) occurs slowly at first,then speeds up.
B) occurs uniformly over time.
C) occurs quickly at first,and then slows down.
D) does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed.
E) is complete within the first few hours.

Question 71

Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are controversial because of all but which of the following reasons?

A) Techniques used to recover these memories may actually foster false memories.
B) Memories of childhood sexual abuse are never forgotten.
C) We lack means of differentiating true memories from false one.
D) Even people who are sure of their memories may be subject to memory distortions.
E) False memories can be implanted in people's minds.

Question 72

Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse?

A) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine,and these memories are credible sources of testimony in legal cases.
B) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine,but they are still not credible sources of testimony in legal cases.
C) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are false,and they should not be considered a credible source of testimony in legal cases.
D) Some recovered memories are genuine,whereas others are false,and psychologists lack the tools to differentiate between them.
E) Some recovered memories are genuine,whereas others are false,and psychologists have now developed techniques that can reliably distinguish between them.

Question 73

When children are first learning the alphabet,they tend to be accurate on the ABCD portion and the WXYZ portion while making lots of mistakes in between.This represents the

A) primacy effect.
B) recency effect.
C) serial position effect.
D) retrograde amnesia.
E) anterograde amnesia.

Question 74

While Althea was filling out a job application,memory of her current address prevented her from accurately remembering her previous address.This is an example of

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
E) the serial position effect.

Question 75

Herman counts the number of times it takes to rehearse a list of nonsense syllables in order to memorize it.Then he counts the number of times it takes to relearn the list after a month has passed.Herman then calculates the difference between the number of times and determines the percentage gain he made between the two efforts at memorization.Herman uses this figure as a measure of memory retention.Which technique is Herman using?

A) Savings method
B) Mnemonics technique
C) Long-term potentiation
D) Massed practice
E) Free recall technique

Question 76

One of Ebbinghaus's innovations was using ______ as study material for testing memory.

A) common words
B) numbers
C) foreign words
D) nonsense syllables
E) symbols

Question 77

Regarding research on forgetting and decay theory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Ebbinghaus used himself as the research subject in his experiments.
B) Decay theory does not account for memory loss that occurs due to the passage of time.
C) Decay theory is also known as trace theory.
D) Decay theory does not help explain why some memories endure better through time than others.
E) If Ebbinghaus had studied the retention of meaningful information,he probably would have found different experimental results.

Question 78

In most cases,long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during

A) dreams.
B) hypnosis or psychotherapy.
C) periods of relative calm.
D) everyday life tasks.
E) interviews with law enforcement personnel.

Question 79

When it comes to retention,in general,

A) spaced practice is superior to massed practice.
B) massed practice is superior to spaced practice.
C) spaced practice is superior to massed practice for short intervals only.
D) spaced practice is superior to massed practice for long intervals only.
E) massed practice is superior to spaced practice for short intervals only.

Question 80

Experts suggest that college students distribute their study sessions throughout the semester rather than preparing for exams by cramming.This means that college students should use which approach to memorization?

A) spaced practice
B) massed practice
C) distributed learning
D) delayed practice
E) overlearning