Deck 5: Memory: Models and Research Methods

Question 1

Culture-relevant tests employ skills and knowledge that

A)are not relevant to the cultural experiences of the test-takers.
B)are relevant to the cultural experiences of the test-takers.
C)are fixed at birth.
D)can derive from any culture.

Answer 1

are relevant to the cultural experiences of the test-takers.

Question 2

__________ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks,in which the person may be asked to identify from among several choices a fact,a word,or other item from memory.

A)Recall
B)Recognition
C)Retrieval
D)Assimilation

Answer 2

Recognition

Question 3

After a test,Jill identified and then learned the information that she had forgot for the test.She noted that there was a "saving" in that the information was learned faster the second time.Jill has discovered the concept of ____.

A)relearning
B)partial-report method
C)subsequent refinement
D)permastore

Answer 3

relearning

Question 4

Anytime we read,we unconsciously and effortlessly remember the meanings of particular words and even how to read.These are examples of everyday tasks that primarily involve __________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 5

__________ refers to the means by which people draw on past knowledge in order to use such knowledge in the present;it refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with the retention and retrieval of information.

A)Implicit store
B)A network
C)Memory
D)Sensory store

Question 6

Fill-in-the-blank tests can be memory tasks,which require that students employ primarily the memory process of

A)recall.
B)recognition.
C)access.
D)production.

Question 7

Participants in an experiment read over a list of words.A second unrelated task (a filler task)is then completed.For the final task,participants rate letter strings as words or non-words.The results indicate that participants in general were faster at identifying words from the first list.This facilitation in response to those items from the first task is an example of

A)priming.
B)synesthesia.
C)levels of processing.
D)phonological processing.

Question 8

__________ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks,in which the person is asked to produce a fact,a word,or other item from memory.

A)Recall
B)Recognition
C)Identification
D)Production

Question 9

__________ memory refers to a form of memory retrieval in which a person consciously acts to recall or recognize particular information.

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Explicit
D)Implicit

Question 10

Max is a volunteer for a psychological experiment.He has been asked to listen carefully to a list of words.He has been instructed to try to remember as many of these words as possible in any order and to write them down after a signal.Max is participating in a __________ recall task.

A)serial-
B)free-
C)paired-associates
D)structured-

Question 11

__________ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which the participant recalls items in the exact order in which they were presented.

A)Ordered
B)Serial
C)Ordinal
D)Free

Question 12

Multiple-choice exams can be memory tasks,which require that students employ primarily the memory process of

A)recall.
B)recognition.
C)access.
D)production.

Question 13

Melissa volunteered to participate in a psychological experiment.She has been instructed to listen carefully to a list of words,because later she will have to remember as many of these words as possible in the exact order in which they were presented.Melissa is participating in a __________ recall task.

A)serial-
B)free-
C)paired-associates
D)structured-

Question 14

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),__________ is/are structures and __________ is/are the information stored in the structures.

A)network;nodes
B)nodes;network
C)stores;memory
D)memories;store

Question 15

__________ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which the participant recalls items in any order he or she chooses.

A)Arbitrary
B)Serial
C)Disordered
D)Free

Question 16

Recall memory is to _____ as recognition memory is to _____.

A)receptive knowledge;expressive knowledge
B)implicit memory;explicit memory
C)expressive knowledge;receptive knowledge
D)explicit memory;implicit memory

Question 17

The design of test items __________ is not an example of a basic strategy for attempting to create culture-relevant tests.

A)based on content and procedures that are novel to almost anyone,regardless of cultural context,
B)based on content and procedures that are familiar to almost anyone,regardless of cultural context,
C)that can be translated into the cultural context of the test-takers,while taking into account the culture-based knowledge and skills of the test-takers,
D)that are translated from one language to another

Question 18

__________ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which items are presented in pairs,and during recall,the participant is cued with one member of each pair and is asked to recall the mate of each cued item.

A)Serial
B)Free
C)Dyadic
D)Cued

Question 19

__________ memory refers to a form of memory retrieval in which a person uses recalled or recognized information without consciously being aware of doing so.

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Explicit
D)Implicit

Question 20

Jacoby suggests that both implicit and explicit memory play a role in every response.His model is called

A)process-dissociation model.
B)memory synthesis model.
C)levels of processing model.
D)multi-store model of memory.

Question 21

According to Bahrick,__________ refers to a very long-term storage of information.The information contained in this store may include,for example,knowledge of a foreign language and of mathematics acquired years or even decades earlier.

A)permanent store
B)permastore
C)longest-term store
D)infinite store

Question 22

__________ refers to a concept that cannot be directly measured or observed but that may be used as a mental representation for understanding the workings of a psychological phenomenon.

A)Declarative knowledge
B)A node
C)A hypothetical construct
D)A prime

Question 23

The __________ refers to a way of looking at memory storage,which postulates that memory comprises a continuous dimension in which the depth to which information is encoded predicts the ease of retrieving an item.

A)levels-of-processing framework
B)working-memory framework
C)parallel-processing model
D)continuous-dimension model

Question 24

People's names,where we keep things,and humorous incidents from our childhood are all examples of information held in our __________ store.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)working
D)stable

Question 25

Louise put a light bulb on a lamp,turned it on,and looked at it directly.Immediately after that,she looked away and she could still "see" the bulb shining brightly.This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in the __________ store.

A)echoic
B)visual
C)episodic
D)iconic

Question 26

How long does unrehearsed material typically remain in the short-term store?

A)1 second
B)5 seconds
C)30 seconds
D)5 minutes

Question 27

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having a modest capacity (about seven items)for storing information and a duration for memory storage of only a few seconds.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)fleeting
D)episodic

Question 28

During his experiments studying iconic store,Sperling would flash an array of stimuli (e.g. ,letters and/or numbers)for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen.Asked to recall all symbols presented would be an example of the

A)backward visual masking.
B)forward visual masking.
C)partial-report procedure.
D)whole-report procedure.

Question 29

The __________ store refers to a sensory register for the fleeting storage of discrete visual images,usually resembling whatever is being represented.

A)echoic
B)visual
C)episodic
D)iconic

Question 30

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the shortest duration for memory storage.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)fleeting
D)episodic

Question 31

According to the levels-of-processing framework,as originally proposed,if you were shown semantically related words (e.g. ,dog and animal),rhyming words (e.g. ,dog and log),as well as unrelated words,the words most easily recalled would be the

A)semantically related words.
B)words concretely connected.
C)unrelated words.
D)All words would be recalled about equally.

Question 32

The initial discovery of the existence of the iconic store came from a Ph.D.dissertation by

A)Donald Norman.
B)Richard Shiffrin.
C)Richard Atkinson.
D)George Sperling.

Question 33

According to the levels-of-processing framework,the deeper the level of processing of information,

A)the more that recall of the information depends on other cognitive events.
B)the less that recall of the information depends on other cognitive events.
C)the lower the probability that the information will be retrieved.
D)the higher the probability that the information will be retrieved.

Question 34

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968),the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the greatest capacity for storing information and the longest duration for memory storage.

A)secondary
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)lasting

Question 35

The capacity of our immediate,short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be __________,plus or minus 2 items.

A)5
B)6
C)7
D)8

Question 36

Participants were asked to judge whether words describe them or not.Recall was highest for the items that described the individual.The setup of this experiment demonstrates

A)self induced schema (SIS).
B)personal word identification.
C)partial-report procedure.
D)self-reference effect.

Question 37

As tested by a psychologist,the capacity of Jerry's short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be 11 items.Jerry's short-term memory capacity is

A)below average.
B)average.
C)above average.
D)Cannot be established on the basis of this limited information.

Question 38

A second stimulus is presented shortly after the first item in the same location and "erases" the original stimulus.This is called

A)stimulus blocking.
B)synesthesia.
C)visuospatial sketchpad.
D)backward visual masking.

Question 39

During his experiments studying iconic store,Sperling would flash an array of stimuli (e.g. ,letters and/or numbers)for approximately 50 milliseconds on a screen.Asked to recall just the symbols presented on the third line would be an example of the

A)backward visual masking.
B)forward visual masking.
C)partial-report procedure.
D)whole-report procedure.

Question 40

__________ memory refers to a portion of memory that may be viewed as a specialized part of long-term memory,which holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term memory,and which moves these activated elements into and out of short-term memory.

A)Moving
B)Activated
C)Working
D)Utility

Question 41

This component of the working memory model is important for processing both spatial information and images.

A)central executive
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 42

A __________ refers to a juncture within a memory network,which may be seen as representing a concept.

A)prime
B)node
C)schema
D)dyad

Question 43

__________ memory refers to encoding,storage,and retrieval of events that the one who is remembering experienced personally at a particular time and place.

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Time-bound
D)Personal

Question 44

This model of memory consists of four main elements: central executive,phonological loop,visuospatial sketchpad,and the episodic buffer (plus additional subsidiary slave systems).This model is known as

A)primary memory & secondary memory.
B)three-store model.
C)levels-of-processing framework.
D)working memory.

Question 45

According to Endel Tulving,if you needed to remember that you saw a friend yesterday at the library,you would be drawing on a(n)__________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)time-bound
D)working

Question 46

As applied to a model of memory,a __________ is a set of labeled relations between nodes.

A)network
B)prime
C)schema
D)concept

Question 47

Verifying whether a sentence is true or not and having to remember the last word for each sentence is an example of testing _____ which is viewed as an important component in intelligence that is reflected by the ability to actively manipulate and maintain information.

A)working memory
B)componential analysis
C)choice reaction time
D)means-ends analysis

Question 48

This model of memory,which consists of nodes and links between the nodes,suggests that knowledge is represented in the connections between the nodes.

A)Correspondence model of memory
B)HERA model of memory
C)Permastore
D)Connectionist model of memory

Question 49

John participates in an experiment in which he is presented with letters on a screen.Every time he sees an "X" he is supposed to report the letter that appeared three letters earlier.This is an example of which type of task?

A)temporal order
B)retention-delay
C)n-back
D)serial

Question 50

The __________ refers to a conceptual model of memory in which the cognitive manipulation of multiple operations occurs simultaneously.

A)levels-of-processing framework
B)parallel-distributed processing model
C)three-store model
D)working-memory model

Question 51

This part of the working memory model allows for an interface that can integrate different types of information from various systems.

A)central executive
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 52

This memory system is often called implicit memory and includes memory for how to do various tasks or operations.

A)nondeclarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)episodic buffer

Question 53

__________ memory refers to encoding,storage,and retrieval of facts that do not describe the unique temporally coded experiences of the person recalling the facts.

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Factual
D)Declarative

Question 54

The difference between semantic and episodic knowledge is that

A)semantic knowledge includes all "general truths," whereas episodic knowledge must be gained from experience.
B)semantic knowledge must be gained from experience,whereas episodic knowledge includes all "general truths."
C)semantic knowledge is what we know about experiences linked to particular time referents,whereas episodic knowledge is what we know in the way of facts.
D)semantic knowledge is what we know in the way of facts,whereas episodic knowledge is what we know about experiences linked to particular time referents.

Question 55

This part of the working memory model is well suited for handling verbal information and for rehearsing information.

A)central executive
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 56

Many cognitive psychologists have asserted that the __________ effect refers to the activation of a node by a prime to which the node is connected in a network,due to the process of spreading activation.

A)activating
B)priming
C)recall
D)recognition

Question 57

Sophie's working memory is having difficulty integrating information from its various parts so that the information makes sense to Sophie.What component is not properly functioning?

A)her visuospatial sketchpad
B)her phonological loop
C)her working memory
D)her episodic buffer

Question 58

According to Endel Tulving,if you needed to remember the name of the friend that you saw yesterday at the library,you would be drawing on a(n)__________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)time-bound
D)working

Question 59

This model,based on neuroscientific results,suggests that episodic and semantic memories are in fact distinct from one another given that they activate different parts of the brain.

A)Hemispheric Specialization Model
B)Asymmetrical Hemispheric Specialization (AHS Model)
C)Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA Model)
D)Intrahemispheric Activation Model

Question 60

This component of the working memory model is responsible for coordinating attentional activities and regulating the flow of information.

A)central executive
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 61

__________ refers to the severe loss of explicit memory,usually affecting semantic memory more than procedural memory.

A)Aphasia
B)Dyslexia
C)Amnesia
D)Agnosia

Question 62

Raphael is an amnesia patient.When specifically asked to remember a particular set of information,Raphael does poorly.When indirectly measured on the same information he shows signs of learning.This show that ____ is impaired by amnesia while ____ is not impaired.

A)implicit memory;explicit memory
B)recognition memory,recall memory
C)explicit memory;implicit memory
D)recall memory,recognition memory

Question 63

Debbie participated in a memory experiment and performed exceptionally well.When asked how she could recall long strings of material such as rows and columns of numbers,she said that she memorized numbers by transforming them into dates,and then thinking about what she had done that day.Debbie seems to be a

A)photographic thinker.
B)parallel processor.
C)mnemonist.
D)genius.

Question 64

This process involves using a number of different retrieval cues in order to retrieve memories that appear to have been forgotten.

A)hypermnesia
B)retroactive recall
C)proactive recall
D)double dissociations

Question 65

In retrograde amnesia,the memories that return typically do so starting

A)from the more distant past and progressing up to the time of the trauma.
B)from the time of the trauma and progressing back to the more distant past.
C)with the more meaningful experiences,regardless of their chronological time.
D)with the less meaningful experiences,regardless of their chronological time.

Question 66

It is difficult to draw cause-and-effect statements from an interruption of function due to a lesion in a particular part of the brain since other parts of the brain may also be involved with that function.In evaluating hypotheses about neuropathologies,scientists look for ______ or different neuropathologies in which the individuals demonstrate an opposite pattern of deficits.

A)hypermnesia
B)intrahemispheric activation
C)paired-associates
D)double dissociations

Question 67

__________ amnesia refers to an inability to recall events that occur before the trauma that causes the memory loss.

A)Semantic
B)Infantile
C)Anterograde
D)Retrograde

Question 68

__________ amnesia refers to an inability to recall events that occur after whatever trauma caused the memory loss.

A)Semantic
B)Infantile
C)Anterograde
D)Retrograde

Question 69

Allison is a peculiar thinker.She can remember a great amount of information,in large part because she converts sounds and words into visual impressions and because she experiences a word's taste and weight.Allison seems to make use of

A)episensation.
B)metasensation.
C)synesthesia.
D)metaesthesia.

Question 70

__________ knowledge refers to a recognition and understanding of factual information (i.e. ,"knowing that").

A)Procedural
B)Declarative
C)Episodic
D)Semantic

Question 71

__________ memory refers to a discrete memory system for knowledge of how to perform particular tasks or skills.

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Procedural
D)Declarative

Question 72

__________ refers to the experiencing of a sensation in a sensory modality different from the sense that is physically stimulated.

A)Episensation
B)Metasensation
C)Synesthesia
D)Metaesthesia

Question 73

__________ amnesia refers to the inability to recall events that happened during early development of the brain.

A)Developmental
B)Infantile
C)Anterograde
D)Retrograde

Question 74

__________ are persons who use memory-enhancing techniques for greatly improving their memory or who have a distinctive sensory or cognitive ability to remember information.

A)Mnemonists
B)Geniuses
C)Parallel-processors
D)Photographic thinkers

Question 75

A(n)__________ refers to a node that activates a connected node in a network.

A)schema
B)dyad
C)activating locus
D)prime

Question 76

Retrograde amnesia may be viewed as a problem in __________ information in (from)memory.

A)encoding new
B)retrieving old
C)encoding and storing new
D)encoding and storing old

Question 77

__________ knowledge refers to the understanding and awareness of how to perform particular tasks or skills (i.e. ,"knowing how").

A)Procedural
B)Declarative
C)Episodic
D)Semantic

Question 78

The only definitive test for Alzheimer's disease involves

A)an analysis of brain tissue.
B)a memory test.
C)an fMRI.
D)a CT scan.

Question 79

Jennifer has an excellent understanding of geography.This is an example of __________ knowledge.

A)procedural
B)declarative
C)episodic
D)ecphoric

Question 80

Jimmy knows how to ride a bicycle.This is an example of a task that involves __________ knowledge.

A)procedural
B)declarative
C)episodic
D)semantic