Deck 6: Memory Processes

Question 1

People tend to learn better when they acquire knowledge via __________ learning.

A)paced
B)motivated
C)mass
D)distributed

Answer 1

distributed

Question 2

In this type of rehearsal,the individual simply repeats the information to be learned over and over again.This method is not an affect way to put information into long term memory.

A)distributed learning
B)consolidation
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal

Answer 2

maintenance rehearsal

Question 3

How do we transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

A)by deliberately attending to information in order to comprehend it
B)by making connections or associations between the new information and what we already know
C)by rehearsing the information
D)All of these

Answer 3

All of these

Question 4

In R.Conrad's (1964)landmark experiment on encoding in short-term memory,Conrad found that despite the fact that letters were presented __________ to participants,errors tended to be based on __________ confusability.

A)acoustically;visual
B)acoustically;semantic
C)visually;acoustic
D)visually;semantic

Question 5

This type of rehearsal,in which one tries to make the information more meaningful and/or connects the information to other information already learned,is a more effective method for moving information into long term memory.

A)distributed learning
B)consolidation
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 6

On his way to the supermarket,Marcelo remembers that he needs tomatoes and cucumbers.He then remembers that he also needs cheese,eggs,and milk.The order in which he remembered the grocery items illustrates that information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily encoded

A)visually.
B)acoustically.
C)semantically.
D)according to the personal relevance of the information.

Question 7

Encoding of information in the long-term store is not exclusively __________.There also is evidence for __________ encoding.

A)semantic;visual
B)visual;acoustic
C)acoustic;semantic
D)visual,semantic

Question 8

It appears that although encoding in short-term memory is primarily __________,there may be some secondary __________ encoding,and perhaps even fleeting __________ encoding.

A)semantic;acoustic;visual
B)semantic;visual;acoustic
C)acoustic;visual;semantic
D)acoustic;semantic;visual

Question 9

Short-term memory is usually encoded __________ and long-term memory is usually encoded __________.

A)semantically;acoustically
B)acoustically;semantically
C)visually;acoustically
D)visually;semantically

Question 10

__________ is an aspect of cognition that involves thinking about how to remember more effectively,such as by using various mental strategies.

A)A mnemonic device
B)Metamemory
C)Constructive memory
D)Massed learning

Question 11

Information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily

A)visually encoded.
B)acoustically encoded.
C)semantically encoded.
D)encoded according to the personal relevance of information.

Question 12

__________ refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Transfer

Question 13

The process of taking new information and integrating it with stored information in long term memory is called

A)metacognition.
B)consolidation.
C)constructive memory.
D)reality monitoring.

Question 14

__________ practice refers to learning in which various sessions are spaced over time.

A)Paced
B)Distributed
C)Mass
D)Elaborative

Question 15

__________ refers to how you retain encoded information in memory.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Transfer

Question 16

Research shows that encoding in short-term memory is primarily

A)visual.
B)semantic.
C)acoustic.
D)none of these

Question 17

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval __________ with each other and are
__________.

A)interact;interdependent
B)interact;not interdependent
C)do not interact;interdependent
D)do not interact;not interdependent

Question 18

Manuela,a college student,has a clear awareness of what she knows and does not know about a particular topic,such that when she needs to study for an exam,she knows exactly what to study to enhance her understanding.This description illustrates

A)the method of loci.
B)categorical clustering.
C)metacognition.
D)motivated learning.

Question 19

An individual can reflect on and use his/her awareness or knowledge to influence thinking.This use of your knowledge about cognitive processes is called

A)metacognition.
B)reflex activation.
C)persistence.
D)distributed learning.

Question 20

__________ refers to how you transform a physical,sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Transfer

Question 21

This type of memory is for events that have occurred in the past.

A)repressed memories
B)retrospective memory
C)persistence
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 22

During sleep the__________ is more active after learning new spatial information.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)nucleus acumbens

Question 23

One model proposes that three processes are involved in searching short-term memory.If the processes occur simultaneously,the model uses which type of processing?

A)serial
B)compound
C)parallel
D)linear

Question 24

Animal research has revealed that cells in the ___________ that are activated during initial learning are reactivated during sleep.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)prefrontal cortex
D)cerebral cortex

Question 25

This stage of sleep seems to be important for the process of consolidating memories.

A)reconstructive stage of sleep
B)constructive stage of sleep
C)Stage 4
D)REM sleep

Question 26

In an effort to remember some grocery items,Andrew visualizes a huge loaf of bread,with a bottle of soda balanced on one side of the bread and a can of soup on the other.Andrew is using

A)a mnemonic device.
B)metamemory.
C)constructive memory.
D)massed learning.

Question 27

As a memory aid,we can use the physical constraints of our environment to help us remember things (e.g. ,putting an important document on your alarm clock so you remember to take it to work).

A)forcing functions
B)physical mnemonics
C)prospective memory
D)physical persistence

Question 28

The greater recall associated with distributed learning is called the __________ effect.

A)distributed
B)spacing
C)mnemonic
D)time-delay

Question 29

__________ practice refers to learning in which sessions are crammed together all at once.

A)Bulk
B)Distributed
C)Massed
D)Motivated

Question 30

Frank is organizing his grocery list into a set of categories in order to remember what he needs to buy at the store.Frank is using what type of memory technique?

A)acrostics
B)keyword system
C)pegword system
D)categorical clustering

Question 31

The hippocampus shows increased activation during sleep after one has learned new declarative information.This increased activation is correlated with extremely ____ levels of acetylcholine.If patients are given acetylcholine while sleeping,they demonstrate _______ memory for the new information.

A)low;better
B)low;worse
C)high;better
D)high;worse

Question 32

Tying a string around your finger,keeping a list of things to do,and asking someone to remind you of something are all examples of strategies to improve

A)prospective memory.
B)introspective memory.
C)retrospective memory.
D)retroactive memory.

Question 33

In an exhaustive serial processing search of short-term memory,people generally take __________ amount(s)of time to find a target __________.

A)different;depending on where in the list it is located.
B)the same;regardless of where in the list it is located.
C)the same;as long as the target is one of the first 3 items.
D)the same;as long as the target is one of the last 3 items.

Question 34

Shantell has a cumulative final exam in physics coming up.To ensure a good grade,she has been studying throughout the semester,at least one hour each day.Shantell's studying schedule illustrates __________ learning.

A)paced
B)massed
C)motivated
D)distributed

Question 35

One model proposes that three processes are involved in searching short-term memory.If the processes must occur in order,the model uses which type of processing?

A)serial
B)compound
C)parallel
D)linear

Question 36

Mnemonic devices are best described as

A)experimental devices used in cognitive studies.
B)strategies for efficient problem solving.
C)artificial-intelligence algorithms that mimic human reasoning.
D)specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words.

Question 37

Participants in a study using multiple trial learning and lists containing several different categories (e.g. ,animals,minerals)will spontaneously cluster their recall of items by these categories.Even when there appears to be no apparent relation (e.g. ,categories),participants still cluster items during recall.These consistent patterns in the order of recall are called

A)reality monitoring.
B)distributed learning.
C)retrospective memory.
D)organization of information.

Question 38

Whereas __________ theory views one piece of information as knocking out another,__________ theory views the original piece of information as gradually disappearing unless something is done to keep it intact.

A)decay;interference
B)interference;decay
C)availability;interference
D)interference;availability

Question 39

There are a number of reasons why we may have a difficult time retrieving information from long-term memory.This particular view focuses on to what extent one can gain access to the information.

A)availability
B)persistence
C)accessibility
D)transience

Question 40

If you are imagining taking a walk around an area with distinctive landmarks,matching up a landmark with a specific item you need to remember,you are using the ___________ technique.

A)acronym
B)interactive images
C)method of loci
D)keyword system

Question 41

Keppel and Underwood (1962)showed that proactive interference can operate in the forgetting of material stored in the

A)short-term store.
B)long-term store,in general.
C)long-term store,but only with semantic information.
D)both short- and long-term stores.

Question 42

Superior recall of words at and near the end of a list is referred to as a(n)__________ effect.

A)primacy
B)recency
C)finality
D)availability

Question 43

According to the __________ theory of forgetting,forgetting occurs because new information ultimately displaces old information in the short-term store.

A)decay
B)availability
C)accessibility
D)interference

Question 44

Proactive interference occurs when the interfering material occurs __________ rather than __________ learning of the to-be-remembered material.

A)after;before
B)after;during
C)before;during
D)before;after

Question 45

__________ interference occurs when the interfering material occurs before,rather than after,learning of the to-be-remembered material.

A)Retroactive
B)Proactive
C)Decay
D)Reconstructive

Question 46

__________ refers to the idea that particular information has been permanently stored in long-term memory and,hence,can be retrieved.

A)Constancy
B)Retroactivity
C)Availability
D)Accessibility

Question 47

Stephanie has been studying for two exams scheduled on the same day,one for her Spanish class and the other for French.While taking the Spanish exam,she remembers more French than Spanish.Stephanie is most likely to be experiencing

A)decay.
B)interference.
C)reconstructive interference.
D)unlearning.

Question 48

Superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list is referred to as a(n)__________ effect.

A)primacy
B)primary
C)recency
D)availability

Question 49

A typical serial position curve shows that recall of words in a list is best for items __________ of the list and poorest for items __________.

A)at and near the end;in the middle
B)at and near the end;near the beginning
C)near the beginning;in the middle
D)near the beginning;at and near the end

Question 50

Seth participated in a memory experiment.He has been instructed to count backwards between the last presentation of a stimulus and recall of the stimulus.This procedure was probably designed to

A)prevent subjects from rehearsing.
B)disorient subjects about the purpose of the experiment.
C)allow some decay to occur.
D)increase depth of processing.

Question 51

The serial-position curve represents the probability of recall of

A)a given word,given its semantic relationship to other words in a list.
B)groups of words,given their relative order of presentation in a list.
C)a given word,given its order of presentation in a list.
D)groups of words,given their semantic relationship.

Question 52

__________ occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

A)Decay
B)Reconstructive interference
C)Unlearning
D)Interference

Question 53

Counting backwards immediately after the last presentation of a stimulus and before recall of the stimulus is an example of a task designed to

A)prevent participants from rehearsing.
B)deceive participants about the purpose of the experiment.
C)allow some decay to occur.
D)facilitate recall.

Question 54

In general,as the amount of learning prior to recall increases,__________ increases.

A)availability
B)decay
C)interference
D)constructive memory

Question 55

At a party,Hoshiko was introduced to Steve just as she arrived.Hoshiko then went off to speak with a different group and was introduced to each of them as well.After hearing the new names,Hoshiko could not remember Steve's name.This description illustrates

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)decay.
D)reconstructive forgetting.

Question 56

Sandra has just come from studying with some classmates to whom she has just been introduced.She then runs into a good friend who introduces her to David.As Sandra walks away,she realizes that she can't remember David's name.This description illustrates

A)decay.
B)reconstructive forgetting.
C)retroactive interference.
D)proactive interference.

Question 57

After being given directions to get to the theater,Kurt can remember only the first part of where to turn.This illustrates the __________ effect.

A)primacy
B)recency
C)initial
D)availability

Question 58

Retroactive interference is caused by activity occurring __________ we learn something and __________ we are asked to recall that thing.

A)after;after
B)after;before
C)after;while
D)before;after

Question 59

In memory studies,the retention interval refers to the time

A)the participant needs to encode sensory input into the short-term store.
B)the participant needs to retain new information in the long-term store.
C)between the presentation of the last stimulus and the start of the recall phase of the experimental trial.
D)between the presentation of the first and last stimuli within a trial.

Question 60

__________ interference is caused by an activity occurring after we learn something,but before we are asked to recall that thing.

A)Decay
B)Proactive
C)Retroactive
D)Reconstructive

Question 61

__________ occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget.

A)Decay
B)Interference
C)Reconstructive interference
D)Unlearning

Question 62

One of the sins of memory in which false information is thought to have occurred (e.g. ,seeing something that did not occur).

A)suggestibility
B)bias
C)blocking
D)transience

Question 63

Reyna won an Olympic gold medal many years ago.Yet,she can still recall with great detail and vividness standing on the podium,medal in hand.This is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A)constructive
B)photographic
C)flashbulb
D)iconic

Question 64

__________ theory asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance of the memory trace.

A)Availability
B)Accessibility
C)Interference
D)Decay

Question 65

Linton's self study of autobiographical memory found that her rate of forgetting events was

A)circular.
B)linear.
C)curvilinear.
D)constant.

Question 66

Words at the __________ of a list in a free-recall task are most subject to proactive interference.

A)beginning
B)middle
C)end
D)beginning and end

Question 67

__________ memory refers to a memory of an event that is so emotionally powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film.

A)Traumatic
B)Photographic
C)Flashbulb
D)Iconic

Question 68

Jennifer cannot remember where she heard that pigs were very intelligent animals.Roger thinks he read in The Sunday Herald that Death Valley is the warmest spot in the United States;however,he really read about Death Valley in Outside Magazine.These memory lapses are examples of

A)suggestibility.
B)misattribution.
C)absent-mindedness.
D)persistence.

Question 69

Marianne took a chemistry course three years ago in high school and has not studied any chemistry since.She believes that the reason why she barely remembers any chemistry is because she has not used it.This explanation illustrates the __________ theory of forgetting.

A)interference
B)availability
C)interactive
D)decay

Question 70

An example of this specific "sin" from Schacter's "seven memory sins" would be someone having information "on the tip of their tongue," but being unable to retrieve it:

A)transience.
B)bias.
C)persistence.
D)blocking.

Question 71

Tony keeps mentally reliving the time that he was hit in the head with a Frisbee.This reoccurrence of this memory is an example of

A)transience.
B)misattribution.
C)persistence.
D)bias.

Question 72

Studies show that memory is not just __________,such that we use only what we have encountered to help us rebuild original remembered experience;it is also __________,in that our schemas for prior experience affect how we recall things.

A)retroactive;proactive
B)proactive;retroactive
C)constructive;reconstructive
D)reconstructive;constructive

Question 73

Enhanced vividness and perceptual detail of our recollections has been associated with

A)the person's metacognitive skills.
B)a memory's emotional intensity.
C)cognitive maturity.
D)activation of information in working memory.

Question 74

Many people believe that they remember with great detail and vividness the context in which they heard the news that the Challenger space shuttle had exploded.This is an example of a(n)__________ memory.

A)constructive
B)photographic
C)flashbulb
D)iconic

Question 75

Results from many studies suggest that the forgetting of information from short-term memory can largely be accounted for by

A)decay.
B)distortion.
C)interference.
D)transience.

Question 76

After being given directions to get to the park,Galvin can remember only the last part of where he is to turn.This illustrates the __________ effect.

A)primacy
B)recency
C)finality
D)availability

Question 77

The serial-position curve can be well explained in terms of the __________ theory of forgetting.

A)availability
B)decay
C)interaction
D)interference

Question 78

The difficulty in recalling information that one knows they should know.This is called

A)transience.
B)misattribution.
C)persistence.
D)blocking.

Question 79

Words at the __________ of a list in a free-recall task are most subject to retroactive interference.

A)beginning
B)middle
C)end
D)beginning and end

Question 80

Words at the __________ of a list in a free-recall task are subject to both proactive and retroactive interference.

A)beginning
B)middle
C)end
D)beginning and end