Deck 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change

Question 1

Collective behavior lacks the organizational structure of other forms of behavior.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All people who experience discontent or relative deprivation will eventually join a social movement of some type.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In cities that provide opportunities for protests to be heard within local government, there is less social unrest and there are fewer public disruptions.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Propaganda refers to generally false information that is disseminated by those in power in efforts to fool the public into accepting their perspective.

Question 5

All expressive social movements are religious in nature.
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Question 6

Collective behavior can best be understood using theories that apply to individual behavior, since a collectivity is essentially the sum of the actions of many different individuals.

Question 7

Social movements sometimes fit the definition of mass behavior.

Question 8

Mob violence tends to dissipate relatively quickly once a target has been injured, killed, or destroyed.

Question 9

Widespread discontent alone does not produce a social movement.

Question 10

When social movements become institutionalized, the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish and early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out.

Question 11

Collective behavior is very contemporary; it began with the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s.

Question 12

Sociologists define __________ as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time.

A) ​social divergence
B) ​social change
C) ​social innovation
D) ​culture wars

Question 13

Social movements are more likely to develop in industrial societies than in preindustrialized societies.
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Question 14

Contrary to the beliefs of Bourdieu and Simmel, in contemporary society fashion often "trickles up."​

Question 15

When officials counter a rumor with authentic information, this only serves to strengthen belief in the original rumor.

Question 16

A common stimulus is an important factor in collective behavior.

Question 17

Once a rumor begins to circulate, it seldom stops unless compelling information comes out that disproves the rumor or makes it obsolete.

Question 18

By definition, fads last longer than fashions.

Question 19

Crowd behavior is irrational.

Question 20

The loss of property and life that resulted from Hurricane Katrina can properly be termed a natural disaster.

Question 21

__________ crowds are relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact at all, it is only briefly.

A) ​Conventional
B) ​Casual
C) ​Acting
D) ​Expressive

Question 22

A(n) __________ is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property).

A) ​riot
B) ​collectivity
C) ​mob
D) ​aggregate

Question 23

Collective behavior tends to be __________.

A) ​institutionalized
B) ​structured hierarchically
C) ​enacted within a division of labor
D) ​unstructured and even spontaneous

Question 24

__________ is a factor that increases the likelihood that a social movement will occur.

A) ​Quick and easy communication among people
B) ​Rigid social control mechanisms
C) ​Multiple locations for gathering
D) ​Having the courage to act alone

Question 25

People in line to buy tickets for a concert and the audience in a movie theater are both examples of a __________.

A) ​category
B) ​mass
C) ​crowd
D) ​aggregate

Question 26

__________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions.

A) ​Protest
B) ​Expressive
C) ​Acting
D) ​Conventional

Question 27

Facebook friends and people following someone on Twitter are examples of technology used to create a(n) __________ .

A) ​category
B) ​crowd
C) ​aggregate
D) ​mass

Question 28

Students gathered at a college lecture are an example of a(n) ___________ crowd. The event has a preestablished schedule and norms so that interaction is likely. The crowd is essential to the event.

A) ​casual
B) ​expressive
C) ​acting
D) ​conventional

Question 29

Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a/an __________.

A) ​administrative organization
B) ​human service institution
C) ​bureaucracy
D) ​collectivity

Question 30

__________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.

A) ​Protest
B) ​Expressive
C) ​Acting
D) ​Conventional

Question 31

Love Canal residents were engaging in __________ behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they "burned in effigy" the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials.

A) ​aggregate
B) ​mob
C) ​riot
D) ​nuclear

Question 32

__________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.

A) ​Acting
B) ​Expressive
C) ​Conventional
D) ​Casual

Question 33

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of _________ crowds.

A) ​casual
B) ​expressive
C) ​acting
D) ​conventional

Question 34

A(n) __________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

A) ​mass
B) ​aggregate
C) ​category
D) ​crowd

Question 35

A(n) __________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

A) ​mass
B) ​category
C) ​crowd
D) ​aggregate

Question 36

Mobs, riots, and panics are all examples of __________ crowds.

A) ​acting
B) ​casual
C) ​expressive
D) ​conventional

Question 37

Worshipers at religious revival services and revelers assembled on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York are examples of __________ crowd.

A) ​a conventional
B) ​an acting
C) ​an expressive
D) ​a casual

Question 38

__________ is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values.

A) ​Social change
B) ​Organizational behavior
C) ​Institutional behavior
D) ​Collective behavior

Question 39

Sociologist John Lofland states that different forms of collective behavior can be distinguished by the feelings that are expressed and perceived. He terms these the __________.

A) ​aggregate opinion
B) ​mass point of view
C) ​dominant emotion
D) ​prominent feeling

Question 40

Many credit Rachel Carson's book __________ as a stimulus for collective behavior geared toward environmental concerns.

A) ​Into the Forest
B) ​Silent Spring
C) ​Walden Pond
D) ​The Lorax

Question 41

A(n) __________ is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target.

A) ​mob
B) ​collectivity
C) ​riot
D) ​aggregate

Question 42

The term __________ refers to nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

A) ​civil insubordination
B) ​civil rebellion
C) ​civil disobedience
D) ​civil dismissiveness

Question 43

Sociologists McPhail and Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer. These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

A) ​militant
B) ​protest
C) ​rebel
D) ​revolutionary

Question 44

From the perspective of __________, individuals with similar characteristics or attitudes seek others who are similar with whom they can express their predispositions to behave and feel in different ways.

A) ​circular reaction
B) ​mob psychology
C) ​emergent norm theory
D) ​convergence theory

Question 45

__________ can arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control, such as a major disruption in the economy. Although they are relatively rare, they receive massive media coverage because they evoke strong feelings of fear in readers and viewers.

A) ​Mobs
B) ​Panics
C) ​Aggregates
D) ​Riots

Question 46

Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes are all examples of __________ crowds.

A) ​civil rights
B) ​revolutionary
C) ​militant
D) ​protest

Question 47

A(n) __________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

A) ​panic
B) ​riot
C) ​mob
D) ​aggregate

Question 48

The first U.S. sociologist to investigate crowd behavior was __________.

A) ​Louis Wirth
B) ​Jane Addams
C) ​Robert Park
D) ​Herbert Gans

Question 49

Applying convergence theory in his study of a lynch mob, social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that __________.

A) ​the participants came from widely divergent backgrounds
B) ​participants shared traits that made them susceptible to joining a lynch mob even when they didn't know the target of the lynching
C) ​the participants came primarily from the middle- and upper-middle classes
D) ​participants knew, and did not like, the target of the lynching

Question 50

When a gunman recently shot into a crowded movie theater in Colorado, what occurred in the theater would be termed a(n) __________.When a gunman recently shot into a crowded movie theater in Colorado, what occurred in the theater would be termed a(n) __________.

A) ​mob
B) ​aggregate
C) ​panic
D) ​riot

Question 51

According to sociologist Robert Park, social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________, in which one person's discontent is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person.

A) ​convergence
B) ​mob psychology
C) ​circular reaction
D) ​emergent norms

Question 52

In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demand social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds.

A) ​conventional
B) ​casual
C) ​acting
D) ​expressive

Question 53

__________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.

A) ​Convergence
B) ​Contagion
C) ​Emergent norm
D) ​Circular reaction

Question 54

Contagion theory holds that_____________________.

A) ​people are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they feel they are being observed
B) ​a crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person
C) ​crowds encourage individuals to take responsibility for themselves and others
D) ​crowds are easily dispersed once the initial contagion passes

Question 55

__________ was a French scholar and one of the first social scientists to theorize about explanations for crowd behavior.

A) ​Clark McPhail
B) ​Gustave Le Bon
C) ​Robert Park
D) ​Herbert Blumer

Question 56

__________ argued that people are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.

A) ​Le Bon
B) ​Hadley Cantrel
C) ​Georg Simmel
D) ​Talcott Parsons

Question 57

Sometimes acts of civil disobedience become violent, as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers. In this case, a protest crowd becomes a/an __________ crowd.

A) ​conventional
B) ​acting
C) ​casual
D) ​expressive

Question 58

The perspective of __________ suggests that people with similar attributes find a collectivity of like-minded persons with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies.

A) ​contagion theory
B) ​convergence theory
C) ​emergent norm theory
D) ​psychoanalytic theory

Question 59

The looting and other behavior that took place in Los Angeles after the Rodney King trial and celebrations that turn violent after some sporting events are both examples of __________.

A) ​aggregates
B) ​mobs
C) ​collectivities
D) ​riots

Question 60

__________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

A) ​Psychoanalysis
B) ​Convergence theory
C) ​Emergent norm theory
D) ​Contagion theory

Question 61

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on __________.

A) ​clothing, especially women's apparel
B) ​men's accessories
C) ​the t-shirt craze
D) ​hairstyles

Question 62

__________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

A) ​Mass hysteria
B) ​Fads
C) ​Panic
D) ​Gossip

Question 63

The difference between a fad and a fashion is that________________.

A) ​a fashion is shorter-lived than a fad
B) ​fashions tend to be more widely embraced than fads
C) ​fads take the form of behaviors, like diets, but not material objects
D) ​fashions tend to last longer than fads

Question 64

Tabloid newspapers and magazines such as the National Enquirer and People, and television entertainment "news" programs that present "inside" information on the lives of celebrities, are sources of contemporary __________.

A) ​panic
B) ​fads
C) ​gossip
D) ​mass hysteria

Question 65

Emergent norm theory is rooted in the __________ perspective.

A) ​functionalist
B) ​symbolic interactionist
C) ​conflict
D) ​postmodernist

Question 66

A __________ is defined as a currently valued manner of behavior, thinking, or appearance that endures for a period of time.

A) ​style
B) ​fad
C) ​fashion
D) ​craze

Question 67

Sociologists refer to a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat as mass hysteria or __________.

A) ​gossip
B) ​rumor
C) ​a mass mob
D) ​panic

Question 68

__________ refer(s) to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.

A) ​Rumors
B) ​Gossip
C) ​Mass hysteria
D) ​Panic

Question 69

Sociologist __________ asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy.

A) ​Georg Simmel
B) ​Thorstein Veblen
C) ​Pierre Bourdieu
D) ​Herbert Blumer

Question 70

Sociologists using the __________ approach are interested in how individuals in a given collectivity learn about what is going on, how to interpret activities, and how to behave.

A) ​emergent norm
B) ​circular reaction
C) ​contagion
D) ​convergence

Question 71

Propaganda______________.

A) ​is always false
B) ​is measured through polls and surveys
C) ​is disseminated by those with a vested interest in the issue
D) ​is information that comes from governmental agencies

Question 72

Sociologist __________ suggested a classic "trickle-down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

A) ​Herbert Blumer
B) ​Pierre Bourdieu
C) ​Thorstein Veblen
D) ​Georg Simmel

Question 73

The most frequent types of __________ behavior are rumors, gossip, mass hysteria, public opinion, fashions, and fads.

A) ​riot
B) ​mob
C) ​crowd
D) ​mass

Question 74

Some emergent norms give people a shared conviction that they may disregard ordinary rules such as waiting in line, taking turns, or treating a speaker courteously. These are termed __________ norms.

A) ​permissive
B) ​restrictive
C) ​proactive
D) ​reactive

Question 75

In his theory of fashion, Herbert Blumer argued that__________________.

A) ​fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy
B) ​members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class
C) ​matters of taste constitute a form of cultural capital
D) ​taste is a matter of experience and a matter of collective selection

Question 76

In 1938, actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H. G. Wells's science fiction classic The War of the Worlds. A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth. The ensuing reaction was an example of __________.

A) ​mass hysteria
B) ​propaganda
C) ​public opinion
D) ​mass mob behavior

Question 77

Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. __________ behavior is collective behavior that takes place when people who may be geographically separated from one another respond to the same event in much the same way.

A) ​Riot
B) ​Mass
C) ​Mob
D) ​Panic

Question 78

Members of the public attempt to influence those in power, and vice versa, with the dissemination of __________, which is information provided by those with a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

A) ​propaganda
B) ​rumor
C) ​public opinion
D) ​cultural capital

Question 79

Convergence theory has been criticized because it does not explain___________.

A) ​what draws people in a crowd together in the first place
B) ​the role of individuals' predispositions in the formation and behavior of crowds
C) ​how irrational crowd behavior can be contagious
D) ​the differences between those people who take collective action and those who do not

Question 80

A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

A) ​style
B) ​fad
C) ​craze
D) ​fashion