Deck 6: Experimentation and Causal Research

Question 1

Variables,other than the independent variables,that influence the response of the test units are called extraneous variables.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Concomitant variation occurs when the presumed cause and presumed effect are both present and both vary in a manner predicted by the researcher's hypothesis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Extraneous variables represent alternative explanations of experimental results.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Consumers are good examples of dependent variables.

Question 5

Individuals,organizations,or other entities whose response to independent variables or treatments is being studied are called test units.

Question 6

Randomization is the preferred method for controlling extraneous variables.

Question 7

Causality refers to when the occurrence of X causes the occurrence of Y.

Question 8

According to the text,experiments can be described in terms of interdependent variables.

Question 9

Validity takes place when the occurrence of X increases the probability of the occurrence of Y.

Question 10

Dependent variables are variables that are manipulated by the researcher and whose effects are measured and compared.

Question 11

With experimental designs,it is possible to control for some of the extraneous variables.

Question 12

The process of manipulating one or more independent variables and measuring their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling for the extraneous variables is called an experiment.

Question 13

External validity refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.

Question 14

Internal validity refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.

Question 15

In an after-the-fact examination of a situation,we can confidently rule out all other causal factors.

Question 16

The relevant cause/effect relationship is identified when both time order and concurrent variation conditions are satisfied.

Question 17

The control group is not exposed to the independent variable manipulation,but provides a point of comparison when examining the effects of these manipulations on the dependent variable.

Question 18

Variables that measure the effect of the independent variables on the test units are called dependent variables.

Question 19

According to the text,an experimental group is the group exposed to the manipulated independent variable.

Question 20

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called true experimental design.

Question 21

According to the text,factorial designs are the most common statistical designs.

Question 22

A static group involves a prior measurement of the test units.

Question 23

In the virtual world,it is more complex but much less costly to manipulate the independent variable and control for mediating variables than it is in the real world.

Question 24

A field environment is an artificial setting for experimentation in which the researcher constructs the desired conditions.

Question 25

It is possible to give monetary incentive in the form of Linden dollars in Second Life but nonmonetary incentives cannot be given.

Question 26

The static group is a two-group experimental design in which one of the groups acts as a control group,the subjects are not assigned randomly,and measurements are made on both groups following the treatment.

Question 27

An experimental design in which there is randomization and the experimental group is exposed to the treatment but the control group is not and no pretest measure is taken is called the posttest-only control group design.

Question 28

A laboratory environment involves measurement of behavior,attitudes,or perceptions in the environment in which they occur.

Question 29

Preexperimental designs are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

Question 30

All of the experimental designs discussed in the book can be implemented within the context of the virtual world but not the real social world.

Question 31

As compared to the field,experimentation in social media offers the advantages of ease of implementation and lower cost.

Question 32

A factorial design is a statistical experimental design used to measure the effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables.

Question 33

The one-group pretest-posttest design is a design that involves randomization of the test units.

Question 34

Statistical designs allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

Question 35

True experimental designs include the pretest-posttest control group design and the posttest-only control group design.

Question 36

Opinions,tastes,and preferences in virtual worlds are the same as in a real setting.

Question 37

The random group is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.

Question 38

The internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is generally higher than in the United States.

Question 39

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X,and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken,is called the one-shot case study.

Question 40

Responses given because the respondents attempt to guess the purpose of the experiment and respond accordingly are called demand artifacts.

Question 41

All of the following are good examples of dependent variables EXCEPT ________.

A) sales
B) consumers
C) profits
D) market shares
E) attitudes

Question 42

According to the text,a(n)________ is the group exposed to the manipulated independent variable.

A) control group
B) hypothetical group
C) experimental group
D) extraneous group
E) corollary group

Question 43

Variables other than the independent variables that influence the response of the test units are called ________.

A) interdependent variables
B) dependent variables
C) extraneous variables
D) concurrent variables
E) influence variables

Question 44

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,or event?

A) T
B) O
C) X
D) R

Question 45

Experimental design is the set of experimental procedures specifying the test units and sampling procedures and all of the following EXCEPT specifying ________.

A) independent variables
B) dependent variables
C) plan for data analysis
D) how to control the extraneous variables
E) test stimuli

Question 46

All of the following are good examples of independent variables EXCEPT ________.

A) price levels
B) package designs
C) advertising themes
D) sales
E) gender

Question 47

________ is the extent to which a cause,X,and an effect,Y,occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

A) The time order of occurrence of variables
B) The role of evidence
C) Concomitant variation
D) The elimination of other possible factors

Question 48

Variables that measure the effect of the independent variables on the test units are called ________.

A) interdependent variables
B) concurrent variables
C) extraneous variables
D) concomitant variables
E) dependent variables

Question 49

________ refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.

A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Population validity

Question 50

The process of manipulating one or more independent variables and measuring their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling for the extraneous variables is called a(n)________.

A) experiment
B) test unit
C) hypothesis
D) theory
E) manipulation measurement

Question 51

Individuals,organizations,or other entities whose responses to independent variables or treatments being studied are called ________.

A) hypotheses
B) independent variables
C) test units
D) dependent variables
E) corollaries

Question 52

All of the following are good examples of test units EXCEPT ________.

A) consumers
B) price levels
C) stores
D) geographic areas
E) households

Question 53

Which of the conditions must be satisfied in order to justify the inference of a possible causal relationship between two variables? i. Concomitant variation
Ii) Time order of occurrence of variables
Iii) Absence of other possible causal factors
Iv) Sterile measurement environment

A) (i)
B) (i), (iii), and (iv)
C) (ii) and (iii)
D) (i) and (iv)
E) (i), (ii), and (iii)

Question 54

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

A) R X₁ O₁ R X₂ O₂
B) R X₁ O₁ O₂ X₂ O₃
C) X O₁ O₂ X O₁ O₂
D) R X₁ O₁ R X₁ O₁

Question 55

________ implies that the occurrence of X increases the probability of the occurrence of Y.

A) Probability
B) Causality
C) Reliability
D) Validity
E) True scores

Question 56

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.

A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Corollary group

Question 57

Concomitant ________ occurs when the presumed cause and presumed effect are both present and both vary in a manner predicted by the researcher's hypothesis.

A) variation
B) probability
C) reliability
D) validity
E) measurement

Question 58

________ variables are variables that are manipulated by the researcher and whose effects are measured and compared.

A) Dependent
B) Interdependent
C) Extraneous
D) Independent
E) Test unit

Question 59

The ________ is not exposed to the independent variable manipulation but provides a point of comparison when examining the effects of these manipulations on the dependent variable.

A) control group
B) hypothetical group
C) experimental group
D) extraneous group
E) caveat group

Question 60

According to the text,experiments can be described in terms of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) independent variables
B) interdependent variables
C) dependent variables
D) extraneous variables
E) B and D

Question 61

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

A) Quasi-experimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Statistical designs
D) Preexperimental designs
E) One-shot case studies

Question 62

True experimental designs include the ________ and ________.

A) one-shot case study; the pretest-posttest control group design
B) pretest-posttest control group design; the posttest-only control group design
C) posttest-only control group design; the static group
D) static group; the one-shot case study
E) random study; the control study

Question 63

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken is called the ________.

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) static group
E) X-file

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT one of the broad categories of experimental designs?

A) concurrent design
B) preexperimental design
C) statistical design
D) true experimental
E) All are broad categories of experimental designs.

Question 65

The ________ is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) static group
E) before-and-after study

Question 66

A design in which a single group of subjects is exposed to a treatment (X),and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken (O₁)is called a(n)________.

A) factorial design
B) multiple time series design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) one-shot case study
E) alternative group design

Question 67

An experimental design in which the test units are assigned randomly and the experimental group is exposed to the treatment but the control group is not,and no pretest measure is taken is called the ________.

A) one-shot case study
B) random group
C) static group
D) manipulated treatment study
E) posttest-only control group design

Question 68

A random sample of respondents would be distributed randomly,half to the experimental group and half to the control group.A pretest questionnaire would be administered to the respondents in both groups to obtain a measurement on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and celebrity; only the respondents in the experimental group would be exposed to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial.Then,a questionnaire would be administered to respondents in both groups to obtain posttest measures on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and celebrity.Which of the following experimental designs best represents the above scenario?

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) pretest-posttest control group design

Question 69

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of coupon value on redemption.Personal interviews were conducted in New York with 280 shoppers who were entering a supermarket.These shoppers were given a coupon for one of four brands prior to entering the store.Two coupon values were used,one offering 15-cents off and the other 50-cents off.Shoppers were randomly assigned to these two coupon-value levels.Four brands - Tide detergent,Kellogg's corn flakes,Aim toothpaste,and Joy liquid dishwashing detergent - were used.These same shoppers were re-interviewed upon leaving the store and asked to report on any coupons used in the store.What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A) value of coupon
B) coupons used in the store
C) supermarket
D) the brand selected
E) all of the above

Question 70

A ________ is an artificial setting for experimentation in which the researcher constructs the desired conditions.

A) statistical environment
B) laboratory environment
C) field environment
D) virtual environment
E) construct condition design

Question 71

The ________ is a two-group experimental design in which one of the groups acts as a control group,the subjects are not assigned randomly,and measurements are made on both groups following the treatment.

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) partial experimental design
E) static group

Question 72

In a Pepsi project the researcher is interested in examining the effect of humor and the effect of various levels of brand information on advertising effectiveness.Three levels of humor (no humor,some humor,and high humor)are to be examined.Likewise,brand information is to be manipulated at three levels (low,medium,and high).The resulting table would be three rows (levels of information)by three columns (levels of humor),producing nine possible combinations or cells.The respondents would be randomly assigned to one of the nine cells.Respondents in each cell would receive a specific treatment combination.After exposure to a treatment combination,measures would be obtained on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and the celebrity from respondents in each cell.To which category of design does this fall into?

A) statistical regression design
B) recombinant design
C) static group design
D) one-shot case study
E) factorial design

Question 73

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) Concurrent designs

Question 74

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called ________.

A) true experimental designs
B) quasi-experimental designs
C) statistical designs
D) preexperimental designs
E) extraneous designs

Question 75

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) External variable designs

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of preexperimental designs?

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) static group
E) All are preexperimental designs.

Question 77

Which of the following can be symbolized as: EG: R X O1
CG: R O₂
Where,
X = the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,event,the effects of which are to be determined
O = the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units
R = the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments
CG = control group EG = experimental group

A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) Pretest-posttest control group design

Question 78

A(n)________ is a statistical experimental design used to measure the effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables.

A) multiple time series design
B) posttest-only control group design
C) factorial design
D) one-shot case study
E) interaction design

Question 79

Which of the following is a way of controlling extraneous variables?

A) randomization
B) personalization
C) quality control
D) extraneous control
E) analysis

Question 80

According to the text,which of the following is the most common statistical design?

A) factorial design
B) multiple time series design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) one-shot case study
E) regular matrix design