Deck 9: Infection

Question 1

Colonization is the first stage of infection.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What of the following remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?

A)Starvation
B)Traumatic injury
C)Cardiovascular disease
D)Infectious disease

Answer 2

Infectious disease

Question 3

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do neutrophils actively attack, engulf, and destroy by phagocytosis?

A)Bacteria
B)Fungi
C)Viruses
D)Mycoplasma

Answer 3

Bacteria

Question 4

Immunoglobulins are important in controlling fungi.

Question 5

Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.

Question 6

Which statement is true about fungal infections?

A)They occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
B)They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes.
C)They result in release of endotoxins.
D)They are be prevented by vaccines.

Question 7

Which statement about vaccines is true?

A)Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
B)Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
C)Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection.
D)Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against viruses, bacteria, and fungal infections.

Question 8

Cytokines are thought to raise the thermoregulatory set point to cause fever by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

A)Leukotriene
B)Histamine
C)Prostaglandin
D)Bradykinin

Question 9

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer (NK) cells actively attack?

A)Bacteria
B)Fungi
C)Viruses
D)Mycoplasma

Question 10

Endotoxins are contained in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

Question 11

Antibodies to HIV appear within weeks of transmission through blood products, but within months after sexual transmission.

Question 12

One systemic manifestation of an acute inflammatory response is fever that is produced by:

A)endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
B)exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
C)immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.
D)cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.

Question 13

One person with HIV cannot transmit the virus to others until HIV antibodies are detected.

Question 14

A person with HIV infection is asymptomatic during the latency period because the HIV virus lies dormant in lymph nodes.

Question 15

All viruses have a protein receptor-binding site on their surface that adheres to specific binding site on the host cell.

Question 16

Viruses have no metabolism and are incapable of independent reproduction.

Question 17

Vaccines against viruses are made from:

A)killed organisms or extracts of antigens.
B)live organisms weakened to produce antigens, which limits controllable infection.
C)purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity.
D)recombinant pathogenic protein.

Question 18

What is the first stage in the infectious process?

A)Invasion
B)Colonization
C)Spread
D)Multiplication

Question 19

Which are characteristics of exotoxins?

A)They are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
B)They are released during the lysis of bacteria.
C)They can initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.
D)They are released during bacterial growth.

Question 20

For which microorganisms is the skin the site of reproduction?
a.Viruses
b.Bacteria and fungi
c.Protozoa and rickettsiae
d.Mycoplasma

Question 21

Match term with its definition.
Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms or micrograms of toxin required to kill the host

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 22

After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for _____ months.

A)1 to 2
B)6 to 14
C)18 to 20
D)24 to 36

Question 23

A major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of which cells?

A)Macrophages
B)CD8⁺ T cells
C)CD4⁺ Th cells
D)Memory T cells

Question 24

Match term with its definition.
An important factor in determining a pathogen's ability to produce disease by production of a soluble toxin

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 25

Match term with its definition.
Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 26

Cells in _____ may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs.

A)the central nervous system
B)bone marrow
C)the thymus gland
D)the lungs

Question 27

HIV antibodies appear within ______ weeks after infection through blood products.

A)1 to 2
B)4 to 7
C)10 to 12
D)20 to 24

Question 28

Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
Staining makes microscopic observation possible

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Fungi

Question 29

Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
Produces a "self" coat by binding to the antigens

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Fungi

Question 30

Match term with its definition.
The ability of an agent to produce disease

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 31

Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
Survives by hiding within cells to avoid triggering an immune response

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Fungi

Question 32

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

A)It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA.
B)It is needed to produce integrase.
C)It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
D)It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.

Question 33

Which cells are primary targets for HIV?

A)CD4⁺ Th cells only
B)CD4⁺ Th cells, macrophages, and NK cells
C)CD8-positive Tc cells and plasma cells
D)CD8-positive Tc cells only

Question 34

Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV?

A)It only infects T helper cells.
B)The virus is a retrovirus.
C)It carries genetic information in DNA.
D)Five strains have been identified.

Question 35

Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
A fungal infection such as ringworm

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Fungi

Question 36

Which secretion transmits human immunodeficiency syndrome?

A)Sweat
B)Urine
C)Saliva
D)Breast milk