Deck 19: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Question 1

The life-threatening problems associated with myelomeningocele include:

A)upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon.
B)motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele.
C)downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle.
D)encephalitis causing generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus.

Answer 1

downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle.

Question 2

Although cerebral palsy is nonprogressive, its clinical manifestations change with growth and maturation of the child.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Prompt surgical repair of a myelomeningocele is critical in the prevention of:

A)infection.
B)paternal abandonment.
C)mental retardation.
D)additional nervous system damage.

Answer 3

additional nervous system damage.

Question 4

Obstructive hydrocephalus is most commonly caused by congenital aqueduct stenosis.

Question 5

Anterior midline defects of neural tube closure cause developmental defects in the:

A)brain and skull.
B)spinal cord.
C)vertebrae.
D)peripheral nerves.

Question 6

The occurrence of Reye syndrome has decreased as public awareness of the association between the ingestion of aspirin during illness and the subsequent development of Reye syndrome has increased.

Question 7

Seizures and seizure patterns may change as the child grows and develops.

Question 8

Spina bifida occulta occurs in 10% to 25% of infants.

Question 9

Meningoceles occur at a greater frequency in the lumbar spine area.

Question 10

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal dominant disease.

Question 11

The neural groove closes dorsally during the _____ week of gestational life.

A)second
B)fourth
C)eighth
D)twelfth

Question 12

Which defects of neural tube closure are most common?
a.Anterior
b.Posterior
c.Lateral
d.Midline

Question 13

_____ is an extreme form of anterior midline defect of neural tube closure.

A)Anencephaly
B)Myelodysplasia
C)Cyclopia
D)Hydrocephaly

Question 14

_____ refers to a herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull.

A)Encephalocele
B)Meningocele
C)Arachnoidocele
D)Acephalocele

Question 15

The definite diagnostic tool for hydrocephalus is computed tomography.

Question 16

Craniosynostosis is the premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 6 months of the infant's life.

Question 17

Children with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy commonly have normal neurologic examinations, normal intelligence, and positive family history of seizures.

Question 18

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect (NTD)?

A)Iron
B)Vitamin C
C)Zinc
D)Folate

Question 19

Children with Tay-Sachs disease usually die between ages 2 and 5 years.

Question 20

Spina bifida occulta is characterized by a(n):

A)sac-like cyst of meninges protruding through vertebrae.
B)abnormal growth of hair along the spine.
C)decrease in head circumference.
D)palpable unfused neural arch.

Question 21

The largest site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infants and children is the __________ system.

A)central nervous
B)gastrointestinal
C)integumentary
D)musculoskeletal

Question 22

A _____ is the test done on amniotic fluid and maternal blood to test for neural tube defect.

A)total protein
B)culture
C)α-fetoprotein (AFP)
D)C-reactive protein

Question 23

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates in the neural crest, which normally forms the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 24

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates from the pituitary or hypothalamus

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 25

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the vermis of the cerebellum and may extend to the fourth ventricle

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 26

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by:

A)a temperature less than 39° C.
B)respiratory or ear infections.
C)onset after the fifth year of life.
D)lasting 30 minutes or more.

Question 27

_____ is a hernial protrusion of a sac-like cyst containing meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord with its nerves through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra.

A)Encephalocele
B)Meningocele
C)Spina bifida occulta
D)Myelomeningocele

Question 28

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to synthesize:

A)the essential amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine.
B)renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone.
C)aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.
D)neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine.

Question 29

Lead absorption in children causes anemia by impairing the:

A)lysing of erythrocytes.
B)absorption of vitamin B12.
C)absorption of folic acid.
D)absorption of iron.

Question 30

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the fourth ventricle

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 31

The most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants is:

A)obstructed arachnoid villi.
B)stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius.
C)excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid.
D)impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space.

Question 32

The form of cerebral palsy that results in gait disturbances and instability is:

A)spastic.
B)dyskinetic.
C)ataxic.
D)biochemical.

Question 33

Reye syndrome is associated with children who have taken aspirin while experiencing:

A)measles or mumps.
B)influenza B or chickenpox.
C)bacterial upper respiratory infections.
D)bacterial ear infections.

Question 34

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Vomiting, lethargy, drowsiness

A)Reye syndrome, stage I
B)Reye syndrome, stage II
C)Reye syndrome, stage III
D)Reye syndrome, stage IV
E)Reye syndrome, stage V

Question 35

True microcephaly can be caused by:

A)autosomal gene alterations.
B)infection.
C)X-linked gene alterations.
D)Toxic-induced chromosomal defects.
E)maternal anorexia.

Question 36

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include:

A)increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes.
B)exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities.
C)scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles.
D)jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements.

Question 37

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Decerebrate rigidity, deepening coma, large fixed pupils

A)Reye syndrome, stage I
B)Reye syndrome, stage II
C)Reye syndrome, stage III
D)Reye syndrome, stage IV
E)Reye syndrome, stage V

Question 38

Which of the following may indicate an underlying condition of spina bifida?

A)Abnormal growth of skin along the spine
B)A midline dimple with a sinus tract
C)A cutaneous port-wine angioma
D)A subcutaneous lipoma
E)Coarse growth of hair along the spine

Question 39

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Causes unilateral symptoms such as nystagmus

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 40

An infant with hydrocephalus has characteristically:

A)shrunken ventricles.
B)bulging fontanels.
C)retarded head growth.
D)decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 41

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Obtundation, hyperventilation, decorticate rigidity

A)Reye syndrome, stage I
B)Reye syndrome, stage II
C)Reye syndrome, stage III
D)Reye syndrome, stage IV
E)Reye syndrome, stage V

Question 42

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Seizures, loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory arrest

A)Reye syndrome, stage I
B)Reye syndrome, stage II
C)Reye syndrome, stage III
D)Reye syndrome, stage IV
E)Reye syndrome, stage V

Question 43

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Disorientation, aggressiveness, hyperactive reflexes

A)Reye syndrome, stage I
B)Reye syndrome, stage II
C)Reye syndrome, stage III
D)Reye syndrome, stage IV
E)Reye syndrome, stage V